Affects of High Blood Pressure

High blood pressure increases the risk of heart disease and stroke. Hypertension risk factors include obesity, drinking too much alcohol, smoking, and family history. What is high blood pressure? High blood pressure, also known as hypertension, is the most common cardiovascular disease. Blood pressure refers to the force of blood pushing against artery walls as it courses through the body. Like air in a tire or water in a hose, blood fills arteries to a certain capacity. Just as too much air pressure can damage a tire, high blood pressure can threaten healthy arteries and lead to life-threatening conditions such as heart disease and stroke. High blood pressure is the leading cause of stroke and a major cause of heart attack. In the U.S. alone, more than 30% of American adults have high blood pressure.Symptoms of high blood pressure? One of the most dangerous aspects of High blood pressure is that you may not know that you have it. In fact, nearly one-third of people who have high blo od pressure don't know it. The only way to know if your blood pressure is high is through regular checkups. This is especially important if you have a close relative who has high blood pressure. If your blood pressure is extremely high, there may be certain symptoms to look out for, including headaches, fatigue or confusion, vision problems, chest pain, difficulty breathing, and irregular breathing.Hypertensive crisis is a term for hypertensive urgency and hypertensive emergency. These two conditions occur when blood pressure becomes very high, possibly causing organ damage. Hypertensive urgency occurs when blood pressure spikes blood pressure readings are 180/110 or higher, but there is no damage to the body's organs. Hypertensive emergency means blood pressure is so high that organ damage can occur. Blood pressure must be reduced immediately to prevent organ damage. This is done in an intensive care unit  of a hospital.High blood pressure is often called a â€Å"silent diseaseà ¢â‚¬  because you usually don't know you have it; there may be no outward symptoms or signs, so monitoring your blood pressure is really important. The only way to tell whether you have high blood pressure is to have your blood pressure measured with a blood pressure cuff. High blood pressure can cause a variety of medical problems from heart disease to stroke. It can also affect all systems of the body, including the digestive system.Some ways to control high blood pressure are to lose extra pounds and watch your waistline, exercise regularly, eat a healty diet, reduce sodium in your diet, limit the amount of alcohol you drink, avoid tobacco products, cut back on caffeine, reduce your stress, and to monitor your blood pressure at home and make regular doctor’s appointments.

Management Capacity Resume Essay

The purpose of this letter is to express my interest in working with your company in a management capacity.   I have over 15 years experience working for a major bottling company utilizing my Sales and Operations management skills which would be an asset to your organization. My diverse background includes serving in the United States Army Reserve.   In both my military and professional career, I have demonstrated excellent leadership abilities and exceptional customer service skills.   I successfully built a solid sales team consistently mentoring and motivating staff to meet and exceed company sales quotas. In addition to the skills noted on my resume, I can also offer your company: An enthusiastic individual seeking new endeavors, accomplishing personal and professional goals. A multi-tasking individual leveraging sales and marketing skills to exceed sales quotas. Excellent analytical ability with solid verbal and written communication skills. I look forward to speaking with you further to discuss my skills and qualifications.   You can reach me at the number listed above.

Discuss the emergence of the concept of 'sustainable development' in Essay

Discuss the emergence of the concept of 'sustainable development' in the 1990s and drawing on specific examples, critically - Essay Example This would enhance practical application of sustainable development in this century and the succeeding years. This paper discusses the emergence of the concept of sustainable development and its relevance in the current developmental practices in the world. During the onset of industrialization in the 18th century, scientists began questioning the impact of human civilization and activities to the environment and the available natural resources (WCED, 1987:26). In the late 18th century WCED (1987) notes that, Thomas Malthus predicted that the rapid growth in the global human population would ultimately result to low food production, where people around the planet would barely have enough to eat because of high population density. In this regard, if population growth remained unchecked, it increased the geometrical ratio and subsistence of man arithmetically. However, in the following two centuries after his prediction, growth in agricultural technology has enhanced more food producti on in spite of the growth in global population. Although some parts especially in developing economies still face food insecurity, agricultural overproduction in other regions have ensured relative global food security. Through improved farming methods, application of the fertilizers and use of heavy agricultural machinery have not only ensured improvement in crop production but also an increase in the area under crop production (Rogers, et al 2008: 35). However, the improved agricultural production has not come without an environmental price. Strategic natural resources such as forests, water bodies, animal habitats and other geographical features have been depleted and extensively damaged for long time before policy makers became cognizant of the environmental effects. In 1972, the concern about human activities to the depletion of natural resources was raised in the club of Rome after an increase in commodity prices was observed in the world market (Parris and Kates, 2003:59). Th is forum predicted that increase in industrial capital would lead to proportional growth in population that would in turn increase the pressure on the available non-renewable resources. However, failure of this argument to materialize fully in the following three decades resulted to its disapproval, but it raised enough concerns about environment and sustainable development (Parris and Kates, 2003:61) A conference held in 1972 in Stockholm, Sweden on human environment was the first of its kind to devote discussions entirely on environmental affairs. The convention brought together over 113 countries and representatives from international organizations (Asefa, 2005:22). During the convention, experts articulated on the interconnection between the environment and human development by arguing that both of them were interdependent of each other. This convention also resulted to the formation of the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) to ensure that human activities do not destro y the environment and ensure its sustainability for the sake of the future generations. In addition, the conference in Stockholm established fundamental international agreement regarding dumping of wastes in oceans, pollution by water vessels and control of trade involving endangered species (WCED, 1987:72) However, Kates et al (2005: 53)

Review of the Effects of the Internet on Students Annotated Bibliography

Review of the Effects of the Internet on Students - Annotated Bibliography Example The authors of this article look for the psychological aspects as to why college students are becoming addicted to the internet. They relate internet addiction to a high level of loneliness, in some cases, correlate directly. Much as other authors have stated there is more promoting the internet’s effect on students. The author explains that students who are lonely will seek out connection with strangers without actual physical interaction. However, many of these same students are, also, tremendously depressed. This article approaches the issues associated with college students pertaining to their communication skills and what promotes their internet use. Are college students more dependent on the Internet for academic or social purposes? The author found in the course of the study detailed that more students use the internet for personal or entertainment purposes that for academic or information purposes. In fact, there are a disturbing number of college students who use the internet out of loneliness, seeking attention from strangers in cyberspace. This can be a serious problem, and, potentially, in this day and age, a dangerous one. This article is pointing out that one of the major side-effects of the internet on college students includes its ability to distract students and misguide them on social levels. This source is allows a nice foundation for the history and overall understanding of the topic. This is a prime example of some ways that the internet directly has upon the students in higher education settings. Eldakak, S. (2010). Does Applying Ethics in Education Have an Effective Impact in the Classroom?. Online Submission, The author is interested in determining if the easy access to information that the internet allows has negatively impacted the ethics that once existed in the classroom. With education sometimes now entirely available online, that isolation and lack of supervision could be negatively affecting students ability to resist cheat ing or plagiarism. How can anyone be certain that the person that is supposed to taking a test is actually taking that test? In truth, at the moment, you cannot. Also, there is he consideration of what technological devices that the students may bring with them allowing them to cheat, like a cell phone and the like, which can sometimes be unfamiliar with the student’s cheating. This source is helpful in reviewing this topic because it verifies that there is a lapse of ethics that are being nudged, if not crossed, because of the freedom of information that the internet provides. The fact that the internet and our attitude towards it can become irresistible as a tool to cheat or plagiarize definitely indentifies itself as a large affect that it is having on college students. Englander, F., Terregrossa, R. A., & Wang, Z. (2010). Internet use among college students: tool or toy?. Educational Review, 62(1), 85-96. doi:10.1080/00131910903519793 This article explores how students pe rceive the internet. Is it a tool? Is it a toy? Unfortunately, it

Analysis of Country Road's financial performance Assignment

Analysis of Country Road's financial performance - Assignment Example The company net profitability declined in 2012 as compared to the 2009; whereas the gross profitability increased by a mere 0.7% in 2012 as compared to 2009. This signifies the growing inefficiencies and disabilities in the company to control costs and expenses. Step Three The profitability provided a better measure as compared to the profits. This is because the profitability analyses the profits with terms to the growing sales; and therefore, helps in measuring the efficiency of the company in controlling costs and expenses with the increasing sales. (Keiso 1999) Step Four a. Appended figure 3 shows the extended trend analysis on the expenses for the period 2009-2012. b. Depreciation and Amortization expenses have increased the most over the period. The expense has increased by 57% in 2012 as compared to the expense in 2009. The second most increased expense is the occupancy expense which increased by 38.4% over the same period. Step Five a. Appended figure 4 shows the vertical ana lysis performed on the identified items of the income statement. b. Cost of goods sold, employment expense, marketing expenses and other expenses as a percentage of sales have decreased over the period 2009-2012 whereas occupancy expense and depreciation and amortization expense as a percentage of sales have increased over the same period. c. The company has been efficient in controlling certain costs and expenses with the increase in sales. The increase in depreciation and amortization is due to increase in total assets. Step Six Over the period, the sales have increased 22.1 percent showing improved performance by the company. However, the profit margins have declined because of the increasing expenses over the same period. The company has proved to be inefficient in controlling its administrative and selling expenses which have all increased compared to the base year 2009. The company has been holding too much inventory in its warehouses which has increased its management expense s. On the other hand, the company has been prudent in controlling its direct costs which has helped them improve their gross margins. Similarly, this could also happen due to the accumulated inventory which would be priced lower in the inflationary period. Step Seven a. Appended figure 5 shows the trend analysis on several balance sheet item totals from 2009-2012. b. This clearly explains the trend which signifies that the falling ROE is due to the increase in the equity by 26.2 % but with no cumulative effect on the net profits which have been declining during the same time. On the other hand, the assets have increased by 3.3% whereas the earnings before interest and tax have declined over the period; again the reason for the falling ROA. c. ROE measures the return to the equity holders- the owners of the company where as ROA measures the ability of the company in using its resources to make profits for the all stakeholders-owners as well as creditors. (Keiso 1999) d. ROA would be considered a better measure by the investors. It is because is measures the returns to all the stakeholders- the owners as well as lenders. Likewise, it also measures the ability of the company in the usage of the resources. It helps in evaluation the management of the company as well. (Keiso 1999) Step Eight a. Appended figure 6 shows the calculations and the ratios. b. The dividend payout ratio

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION - Essay Example These two areas are very important because the front office provide the first impression that guest have about a hotel. The front office agents must therefore exhibit high standards of mannerism in greeting guests, welcoming them; smiling and having guests feel at home. The root cause of negative mannerism and knowledge at the San Francisco Marriott Marquis hotels front desk services can be categorized as inadequacies in personnel, procedures, policies and equipment. The weaknesses on the blueprint are on the physical evidence and the onstage employee action areas since they affect customers’ actions. In the blueprint for the Marriott Marquis Hotel, front office is physical evidence. Physical evidence in this case is the environment and people within the front office area. For every moment of truth and each action taken by the customer, the physical evidence that customers come into contact with is critical (Baum & Odgers, 2001). Front office consists of tangibles, that customer come into contact with that are likely to influence how business customers perceive quality at the Marriott Marquis Hotel’s front desk. Poorly arranged front office will deter business customers from booking the hotel. Onstage employee action is the second area on the blueprint that is affected by the weaknesses mentioned above. Front office are onstage employees and are actively involved in making reservations, giving suggestions, phone calls receiving, manage registration process, fulfilling guest needs/delivering bags, solve their problems, and process the registrations of their business customers. There is high degree of interaction with business customers in the blueprint thus the type of interaction influences their action. Poor manners and knowledge by front office agents will definitely results into poor guest experience and impression of the hotel. In this respect, personnel attributes such as poor training, attitude, poor communication etiquette, bad customer

The Most Important Contributors to Health Compromising Behaviors Essay

The Most Important Contributors to Health Compromising Behaviors - Essay Example One in five of all deaths every year in the United States have been credited to smoking, killing more than AIDS, suicide, alcohol, car accidents, homicide, and illegal drugs combined (American Cancer Society, 2004). Smoking is badly affecting the society. It is the most common addiction all around the world. In developing and countries where literacy rate is nil or less are more addicted to smoking and hence their behavior towards their relatives, education, society and future changes. With the adverse affect on health they face mental sickness. To decrease the rate of smoking many coutries are taking necessary steps as Bishop and Yoo (1985) declared that a surgeon's general report in 1964, regarding the knowledge of severe health affect of smoking, showed a diminution in cigarette sales. Before the provision of this report, taxes fixed on cigarettes were intended just to raise the revenue on the sale of cigarettes. However, after the provision of the Surgeon General's report, the ta xes fixed on cigarettes had an additional purpose of discouraging cigarette smoking (Meier & Licari, 1997). However, a great amount of people are addicted to alcoholic drinks, which are also a chief cause of ill-health nowadays. Drug abuse not only affects an individual but harm the whole society or community. The people who are addicted to alcohol consumption not only waste their money and precious time due to intoxication but also leave a bad impact on their young ones. Research explains that increased sales law enforcement can decrease the selling of alcohol to individuals. Plainly, setting up enforcement of lowest alcohol buying age laws is desired to make them more efficient (Grube, 1997). Drinking is harmful for the social and cultural values of a person. Intoxicated drivers do not just harm their own life but may also create risk for the other drivers and people around. Alcohol users being well aware of these problems do not quit it. Extreme drinking is really terrible for physical and mental conditions. Alcohol increases the risk of serious illness like heart disease, liver disease, reproductive problems and memory loss. It is declared in journal of the American medical association, the death rate of Alcoholic women is comparatively greater than Alcoholic men. This journal also declares that the danger of breast cancer rises with the regular use of alcohol. Although alcohol use is ordinary among a greater part of college undergraduates (Kuther & Timoshin, 2003; Ziemelis, Bucknam, & Elfessi, 2002), a division of students busy in a type of drinking behavior that occupies great levels of alcohol use which may put them at danger for communal, mental, emotional and physical troubles. This specific type of drinking behavior has been identified in the literature as binge drinking and includes the extreme use of alcohol in short periods (Murgraff, White, & Phillips, 1996). Current approximation discovers that about 44 percent of college students are resulted to be involved in binge drinking behavior (Torr J.D., 2002). Excessive drinking is a severe problem found in numerous colleges. To tackle this problem, study has swung towards knowing why college students use alcohol at height well over secure limits on sole drinking occasions (Murgraff et al.). More

Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 15

Project - Essay Example Summaries of how the CEO or Chairman evaluates the firm’s past performances. A top priority in the past year was our continued journey to becoming a truly omnichannel retailer. We intensified our focus on providing a guest experience that seamlessly integrates physical and digital shopping, while offering outstanding convenience and a compelling assortment of distinctive style and exceptional value. Enhancements to Target’s mobile app; the launch of Cartwheel, our social savings program; strategic acquisitions that expanded our online assortment; and the rollout of pick-up-instore capabilities ensure that our guests can shop whenever and however they want. And, the increased development of our technology and evolution within our supply chain further support our omnichannel transformation. In addition, 2013 marked the largest single year of store growth in Target’s history. On top of 19 new stores in the U.S., we opened 124 stores and three distribution centers in Canada. We are proud of our team’s incredible dedication and commitment to achieving this unprecedented international expansion, but we are disappointed in our financial performance during our first year in Canada, which resulted in much higher than expected earnings dilution. We believe the operational changes we have made will deliver stronger performance in 2014, and we remain confident that our Canadian segment will prove to be an excellent investment over time. Finally, last year we also sold our entire consumer credit card portfolio to TD Bank Group. We’re very pleased to have reached the right agreement with the right strategic partner in a transaction that removes these more volatile assets from our balance sheet and allows us to continue offering valuable debit and credit payment options and rewards to our guests. 4. Future strategy: Find the letter to shareholders from the CEO or Chairman in the Annual Report to Shareholders described in the Information Source 2. Copy

Compare and contrast three research strands and discuss what they Essay

Compare and contrast three research strands and discuss what they contribute to our understanding of ledership effectiveness - Essay Example The importance and the usefulness of leadership strategies depend upon the traits and characteristics of the managers which will help in increasing the organizational output and improving the existing managerial systems. Leadership helps in developing a positive organizational structure and solving complex organizational problems. It helps in addressing the basic organizational problems which would help in understanding complex interpretation of problems. Traditional theorist regarded leadership theories as an integrated approach which would help in the smooth execution of business activities and also attainment of goals and objectives (Pimentel, Kuntz and Elenkov, 2010). Later, the contemporary theorists regarded the theory instrumental in the attainment of goals and also the ability to influence the followers (Evans, 2003). The contemporary leadership theories believed that the present day employer employee relationship should be replaced by superior subordinate relationship instea d of a man servant relationship. The leadership theories constitute of various groups and the employees work together in unification towards the attainment of a common shared goal. These theories help the employees in providing and environment which would help in inspiring the employees by providing them with financial motivators like rewards, incentives, benefits etc. However, the contemporary theorist also believes that the leadership theories should enable the alignment of the organizational goals with their personal interests (Groves, 2006) Leadership functions enable the managers and the employees to attain their goals and objectives and also the development of strategies and directions which can increase the organizational outcome. The study will deal with various facets and dimensions of the leadership theories and its effectiveness. The author of the study will also give an insight into the impact of the leadership theories in varied managerial situations. The prime objectiv e of the study will also give certain highlights to the characteristic portrayal and the traits of the managers and its execution abilities. Finally, the study will conclude with the comparison between the traits, situational and transformational theories. Trait theory and its Implications In the earlier part of the twentieth century it was assumed by the theorists that the varied leadership characteristics and traits cannot be separated from each other. The individuals were largely influenced by leadership theories that focussed on the maintenance of the influential power of the superiors. According to the trait theory developed by the Ralph Stodgill in the year 1974 it was observed that the qualities of most of the leaders were directly associated with a definitive set of identified traits. The same set of identified traits will help in bringing cooperativeness and likeness among the employees of the organization. As per the theory developed by Shaw and Fraser in the year 1978 it was observed that the leaders tend to score high marks based on the ability, intelligence, relevance and verbal ability of the managers (A.G Canen & A. Canen, 2000).Traditional trait approach focused on the personality attributes of the managers and contributed to managerial effectiveness. Traditional theorists developing the traits approach believed that every manager should have a unique set of characteristics that would set it apart from the other managers. It was believed

Palestinians Refugees in 1947-48 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Palestinians Refugees in 1947-48 - Assignment Example the plan, it was approved and almost immediately fighting broke out between the two sides, both of whom were deeply attached to their homes and saw no reason to abandon it to the other (Price, 2003). Claims are in dispute over why almost 700,000 Arabs from Palestine became refugees, and from both sides accusations are contested even to this day. Arabs maintain that they were driven from their homes by Jewish forces which started out as fellow citizens of Palestine, but would later come from the recognized Jewish state of Israel (Price, 2003). Israel claims that no one ever forced Palestinians to abandon their homes; they left instead on instructions from trusted Arab leaders (Price, 2003). Regardless of the reasons, once-revered citizens were becoming refugees in great numbers. There is evidence that massacres and scare tactics were used on Arab settlements to drive out its inhabitants, causing them to become refugees. Threats were issued via posters and notecards by Jewish forces, soon followed by grenades and buildings being exploded on the pretense that they were being used as Arab military sites (Krystall, 1998). The city of Jerusalem and its surrounding villages were the site of many of these tactics, with 28,000 Arabs soon fleeing in order to avoid more fighting or the loss of their lives (Krystall, 1998). 50,000 Arabs were expelled from the villages of Lydda and Ramle (Benin & Hajjar). The town of Dayr Yasin saw the worst massacre, as on April 9, 1948, Jewish forces killed everyone in the village, even after they proclaimed surrender (Krystall, 1998). Thereafter, the name of the village was used as another scare tactic against Arabs, as loudspeakers proclaimed day and night â€Å"Unless you leave your homes, the fate of Dayr Yasin will be yours!â⠂¬  (Krystall, 1998, 10). Arabs were not alone in their refugee status. Jewish citizens became refugees as well, but under different circumstances. Theirs was a better fate as they had a new nation bordering the old

Various Motivational Theories Essay Example for Free

Various Motivational Theories Essay In the early 1920s Walter Chrysler, a retired president of Buick and vice-president of General Motors arrived at the ill-fated Maxwell-Chalmers company. The company has been losing ground for years and they need somebody who has experience and innovation to keep it on the ground. He was hired to organize the company’s downhilled operations. Unfortunately, the partnership between Chalmers and Maxwell ended in the late 1923. Having to deal with the ailing Maxwell, Chrysler still tried to rescue the company through innovation and experimentation of his car designs. In January 1924 his long time project and prototype came into complete being, was introduced in the American market and was well-received. The Chrysler Six Automobile has a 6-cylinder engine, well-engineered and has an advance design but was most affordable to the standard American. In 1925 when Maxwell needed an overhaul with its management and its system, Chrysler re-organized it to form a solid and well organized company. On June 6, 1925, Walter P. Chrysler introduced Chrysler Corporation to the world and became the president. Chrysler’s era was full of challenges as he introduced classic cars that were in balance with the style of yesterday. Ford Motor Company and the General Motors Corporation was the clear competitor in that period and with the popularity of car sporting, Chrysler introduces the Plymouth to be the best car any sport racer could ask for. As the years entered the 1950s, there was an established dominance with the three major American automobile companies and that is to mass produce cars of their every design in order to gain advantage of client’s trend. These 3 major companies were all located near Detroit, Michigan and were all rapidly expanding in the domestic market. Even with a little competition from foreign competitors, the industry grew rapidly, producing bigger and better and affordable cars to match changing consumer choice of style and needs. Regarding the cars as necessities, interstate highway system was constructed for the transition from urban to suburban areas and traveling has never been easier and enjoyable. The time of the automobile had arrived and contributed much too fast to industrialization. Decades after the Second World War there was a slight setback in American automobile industry. In the late 1960s the American automakers are having adversarial relationships with their suppliers. The cost of the materials in manufacturing car supplies and equipment could not support the fast modernization and production of the car industry and therefore resulted in production inefficiency. The end result was suffering for the suppliers. There was the need for outsourcing of component parts and supplies and competitive biddings were done by the car manufacturers to maintain productivity. The car makers even forced the suppliers to give them a steady supply of materials although there is already the problem on high production cost for supplies. This trend resulted in a highly competitive market structure among automotive makers wherein the large buyers are able to abuse smaller parts and component makers. The 1970s was the decade in the introduction of foreign cars by the Japanese. Theirs were smaller, less expensive and more fuel efficient than the large and gas consuming American cars. Their method of company management was also recognized by the Americans as strict but with direction, disciplined but precise and particular but with best quality control measures. This was now the global competition for car manufacturing. The 1980s was the decade for the Japanese automakers to celebrate. They were making cars what the people needs- small but trendy and comfortable. Able to join the free world market the Japanese are having momentum in the car manufacturing industry in the world market and are selling good. This looks like trouble to the American manufacturers. Although there was the opening of gate to foreign exporters the carmakers of America directly advised the Japanese to regulate the exportation of cars to the US or else their own industry would be in trouble. The Japanese complied with the concern of the Americans. In effect the Americans allowed the Japanese to put up and run their own car manufacturing plants in the US soil. From 1980 and 1990, Japanese automakers led by Honda, Mazda, Nissan and Toyota totally invested $5. 3 billion in North America for cars alone. The Japanese are well known for their discipline, dedication and hard work. They do this with their lifestyle and even to work. Their production style and manufacturing practices give them superior support in terms of efficiency, quality assurance and economy. To be able to protect American’s position in their share in the domestic market and to be able to compete in the global economy the Japanese served as good examples for the Americans in their car manufacturing business. Daimler-Benz purchased Chrysler in 1998 and later changed the name of the company into DaimlerChrysler Motors Company LLC. The company became the fifth largest auto maker in the world with estimated annual revenue of $130 billion. The merging of two large companies resulted in a workforce of 421,000 employees worldwide and declared to be a merger of equals thought evidently Daimler-Benz is the dominant partner. Chrysler went into another crisis after this union. The year 2001 was the phasing-out of The Plymouth. Cost-cutting plans were done by sharing of components as well as platforms. The result of this program was the development of the Chrysler Crossfire which has a strong influence by the Mercedes. By the year 2004, the Chrysler 300 and the new introduced Hemi V8 became the top selling brand of the company. The restructuring efforts have contributed to the company’s financial performance as well as the introduction of the these two new brands to the world market.. The partnership of Mitsubishi and Daimler-Chrysler also ended as Daimler divested most of its shares in the firm and also due to Mitsubishi’s diving sales worldwide. Today, the European Commission has approved of the U. S. buyout firm Cerberus Capital Management (CBS) to purchase carmaker Chrysler from DaimlerChrysler (DCXGn) and the deal was approved under basic procedures because nobody lodged any objection, the Commission said. Without any option DaimlerChrysler conceded to sell most of its shares and some of its services that concerns with financing to Cerberus (Reuters, 2007). Meanwhile, the Chrysler Group with the need to restructure its field organization has created five Regional Business Centers to have focus on sales for each region. Every center is empowered to make plans relative to the car’s accessories and parts, incentives and its market. The five Regional Business Centers are located in Detroit, New York, Orlando, Dallas and Los Angeles. The centers will be supported locally with enough assistance such as Finance, Legal, Marketing, Parts Service, Fleet, Customer Relations, Training and Warranty personnel. There would be a need for downsizing staff and re-deployment to the Regional Business Centers. This is done to directly service the dealers and the local markets. It was assumed that the restructuring in the organization will be faster, more responsive and more efficient. (Group, 2007) After many years of pitfalls and improvement and the innovation of cars to the new world, Chrysler has experienced lots of changes and loses just like any giant companies which dominate the car world for decades. Chrysler has been employing many personalities known for their superior management style and productivity. But business is business and there is always a change of climate and trends. Although over the years the primary concern of the car industry is always focused on saving the company with output expenses but maintaining quality and sales, the internal problem would always affect the company’s growth and existence. Now that Chrysler has a new and restructured organization and plans, the need for other strategies to improve productivity is needed. Within the company, jobs are created and sometimes are getting lost too. Ironically, there must be the feeling of hopelessness of the employees because they knew that working with a company that had strived, lose and survived again seems to bring worries. Nobody knows the future and this sometimes causes demoralization to the individuals. Management has always been changing and it only put shivers to every employee that another management who has the capacity to run the company is now looming their heads. This is where enhanced motivations to drive force to the working people must be employed. Motivational strategies are required to every company to lit up the workers into working more, produce more, and be happy about it. But one thing is for sure. Motivation improves when everything in the organization is organized. So the keyword here is â€Å"Organization†. To top it all, the characteristic of a good organization can best be described if everything being done inside the workplace is meaningful to the workers. One of the best methods the organization must include is the injection of beneficial related tasks to the task that were already in practice. A positive environment greatly contributes to the worker’s attitude inside the workplace. Erroneous beliefs, wrong assumptions and expectations that may bring negative learning and guilt must be faced with positive confrontations. If needed, any indication or components that may lead to failure or fear must be removed. Activities that allow the employees to learn should always be advocated. Within an organized institution, an observation for any discontent within the workforce must be enforced. Make the employees involve themselves with the plans, giving them options on how to be more productive. Involve them with all the tasks that require acceleration of learning, interest and efficiency. Organize them so they can have smaller groups and provide them the right to choose their group leaders which can also motivate them to relate and work with bigger groups. From a small group with group leaders into teams and team leaders, this could essentially form a network of supporters for every cell within the organization and company. Sharing is one big factor that emanates from each member of an organization to the top management. Sharing is learning, learning is giving the company the capability to be more adept and ready with any internal and external changes. In conclusion, there must be a continuous supply of feedback particularly to the management. It must recognize that the progress of the company begins from the workforce. If the company does not recognize that there is always the feeling of discomfort and lack of interest to be productive. Recognition breeds motivation. Chrysler has already evolved into a giant corporation and already withstands difficult times. It had already recognized and imitated the work ethics of the Japanese and it still has enough manpower and brains to stir its way to top. Lots of management changes must have contributed to the adoption of different management style and quality employment within the company. But the company must always have to choose the best and not the easiest methods. Motivated people provide growth and stability to the company. Loyalty and trust of all the people within is the best way to avoid losing the best assets of the company. The people within are the driving force of an organization. References Group, C. (2007). Chrysler Group Restructures Field Organization To Empower Local Management [Electronic Version] from http://www. prnewswire. com/cgi-bin/stories. pl? ACCT=105STORY=/www/story/03-26-2001/0001455476. Reuters. (2007). EU Approves Purchase of Chrysler By Cerberus [Electronic Version] from http://www. bnet. com/2407-13071_23-93331. html.

Major Themes Of Wuthering Heights

Major Themes Of Wuthering Heights Emily Bronte, who never had the benefit of formal schooling, wrote Wuthering Heights. Bronte has been declared a romantic rebel because she ignored the repressive conventions of her day and made passion a part of the novelistic tradition. Unlike stereotypical novels, Wuthering Heights has no true heroes or villains. It does have however, characters who give into their fleshly rage, and those who grow up and come to accept that there is a life to be led out side of revenge. There are many major themes of the book, but revenge is the most imminent theme, the factor that leads the protagonists to their dismal fate. Bronte proves there is no peace in eternal vengeance, and in the end the self-injury involved in serving revenges purposes will be more damaging than the original wrong. Nelly Dean serves as the chief narrator of Wuthering Heights. A sensible, intelligent, and compassionate woman, she grew up essentially alongside Hindley and Catherine Earnshaw and is deeply involved in the story she tells. She gives reference to Heathcliffs appetite for revenge, which dominates the novel. She also hints at her own lack of good judgment, something from which she suffers throughout the tale. Nelly gives insight to the depths of Heathcliffs antipathy toward Hindley and foreshadows his impending doom. Hindleys ruin does not, however, give Heathcliff happiness or satisfaction. In fact, his vengeful acts make him only more miserable and evil. Evil always desirers to kill and destroy. This is exactly what the essence of revenge is. An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth. Healthcliff lives his life out of a wound. The fruit of which his self pity and anger. Heathcliff never finds peace through his revenge. In fact, the only time he truly finds happiness is when he gives up his plan for retaliation. Austin OMalley, a United Irish leader, stated that Revenge is like biting a dog that bit you. OMalleys quote reflects Heathcliffs immature need to propagate agony in those who have offended him. Heathcliffs plan for revenge on Edgar and Catherine is to marry Isabella, who is ignorant of love and of men because she has never experienced either. He wants to hurt Edgar through his marriage to Catherine, and he wants to get revenge on Catherine by making her jealous. Catherines death proves that this flawed plan of repayment helps nothing. Heathcliff, haunted by the ghost of Catherine because he is her murderer, still is motivated by the need for revenge and tries to get young Cathy away from Edgar by having her marry his son, Linton. Heathcliff never finds peace until he gives up his plan for revenge just before he dies. When Heathcliff gives up his plan for revenge, he meets Catherine in death and truly becomes happy once more. The absence of revenge is life. Catherines revenge does not make things better for her. Her revenge on Heathcliff by blaming him for her upcoming death does not meliorate her mind. Just before she dies, she ascribes Heathcliff for her murder. You have killed me, and thriven on it, I think (Bronte 158). Catherine resembles what Oliver Goldsmith said, When lovely woman stoops to folly, and finds too late that men betray, what charm can soothe her melancholy? What art can wash her guilt away? The only art her guilt to cover, To hide her shame from every eye, To give repentance to her lover, And wring his bosom, is-to die. Catherines death is caused by her lack of emotional control and her dual personalities. She and Heathcliff are each other (Bronte 80), but her wants of social status and popularity draw her toward Edgar (Bronte 78). She does not love Edgar, but her selfish material wants control her. Catherines revenge on Heathcliff does not assist her in finding happiness. She looks forward to dying and is wearying to escape into that glorious world (Bronte 160). Her death is, however, miserable as she wanders around the earth as a waif for 20 years occasionally visiting Heathcliff and torturing him. Just as Heathcliff and Catherines revenge make them miserable, Hindleys revenge on Heathcliff causes him to go bankrupt and eventually die. Hindleys attempt to kill Heathcliff only hurts Hindleyin the process; it proves the point Isabella makes, Treachery and violence are spears pointed at both ends; they wound those who resort to them worse than their enemies (Bronte 177). The fact that Hindley is mistreated as a child reveals the source of the built up anger and resentment inside him and towards others. The hurt that Hindley feels is clearly understood, but sympathy for Hindley is only temporary because it is still his own fault for his predicaments. Hindleys loss of Wuthering Heights to Heathcliff and his mysterious death reflect how revenge does not make anything better, only worse. Bronte corroborates that revenge is not only a harsh and rash way to live life, but is counter-productive and hurtful. Out of all of her major themes, revenge is the most imminent. The self-hurt involved with vengeance shows there are better ways to solve conflicts. Bronte sends a great message across by showing how negative revenge can be. There is no resolution to obeying the spontaneous reaction of this negative reprisal.

Analysis of Modality in Language

Analysis of Modality in Language Student: VÕ TH THU NGÂN 1. Rationale: The more developing social is, the more multiform language research is. There are many things to read between the lines of the meaning of words or sentences when using them for communication in the real life. Modality is an issue which maybe makes learners to have difficulties in studying a language. Besides it is an interesting topic for language researchers. Why is it interesting? In this assignment, I would like to put my focus on the sights of modality in language to have the answer for that above question. 2. Aims of the study The study is aimed at: Indentifying specific kinds of modality in language, special in English Help learner to have the general picture in language. 3. Scope of the study Because of my limited time and knowledge, I would like to put my focus on modality in languages within common sentences in the real life. I will give a general introduction about modality and concentrate on the analysis of the figure sentences in some English sentences which will be compared to Vietnamese ones. 4. Research methods and data collection: 4.1. Research design: In this study, the quantitative methods will be used to classify and analyze data to find out the modality in English and Vietnamese sentences. In addition, descriptive method is used to give a detailed description of modality in English sentences. And finally, comparative method is used to figure out some similaraties and differences between English and Vietnamese sentences. 4.2. Data Collection: This research is restricted to language. Data for this research are collected from different types of sentences taken from the grammar books( in English or Vietnamese) or in the real life. The data is likely to provide a detailed description of how modality is used in different sentences. 4. 3 Design of the study The study covers the following 5 chapters: Chapter 1 Introduction- provides the rationale, the aims and objectives, the research question, the scope of the study and the organization of the study. Chapter 2 Literature Review and Theoretical Background- gives literature review and theoretical background where a review of previous studies related to the thesis is carried out and the theoretical background of the study is provided. Chapter 3 Methodology- describes the methods and procedures of the study. It also deals with the design of the research, data collection, data analysis and the reliability and validity of the study. Chapter 4 Finding and Discussion- presents the findings and discussions, which concentrates on grammar structure to show two types of modality. Chapter 5 Conclusions and Implications- includes the summary of the major findings of the study and the implications for the meaning of the sentences which consist of modality. 2.1 Modality There are some views on modality. It can be defined particularly which based on from which points of views people understand the term. According to Frawley and Charles (1992)modality is a semantic phenomenon, expressing the attitude and state of knowledge about a proposition while Bybee (1985)defined as modality is what the speaker is doing with the whole proposition and Halliday (1985) presented modality means the speakers judgment of the probabilities, the obligations or so on, involving in what he/she is saying. Modality, according to Palmer (1986), is defined as semantic information associated with the speakers attitude or opinion about what is said. He gave the point of the fact that modality concerns the factual status of proposition. Besides, it maybe consists of mood: Further it is very important to speak of mood only if the attitude of mind is shown in the form of the verb: mood thus is a syntactic, not a notional category (Jaspers). In another hand, modality are sorts of a semantic issue because it presents the attitude of the speaker or theory about the fact of status of a proposition; however, mood is a grammatical phenomenon within this theory or attitude is showed morphologically. Learners can see clearly in opposite forms of words in English. According to Searle (1969), in his research he shows a structure of the sides of modality to discuss. For instance, he decorates assertive within terms of the belief of the speaker or commitment to the fact of proposition. He agreed that directives and commissives are related to deontic modality while expressive, assertive and declaratives have the relationship with epistemic modality. There are two views in a common thinking when it is said or spoken out from the speaker or writer: the propositional content and the non-propositional content which expresses the speaker attitude and opinion toward the content of proposition(Hoa, 2004). The main carriers of modality are a set of auxiliary verbs called modals: will, would, can, could, may, might, shall, should, must and ought to. Modality is encoded in various other expressions, too: possibly, probably, have (got) to, need to and be able to. For examples, a. You must apologize. ( obligation) b. You can come in now. (permission) c. Shes not able to see you until Tuesday. (feasibility) 2.2 Types of modality The different language researchers had tried to give the ways with the different types of modality in order to arrange them into the different categories. However, this way is only a small group of classification of modalitys meaning without the general partition of the largest meaning of modality. According Nguyen Van Hiep, he provided 3 types of modality in Mà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢t sà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ phà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡m trà ¹ tà ¬nh thà ¡i trong ngà ´n ngà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¯: alethic, deontic and epistemic which are mentioned by many researchers. However, in some studies, most of researchers told about deontic and epistemic were popular. They share 2 sides: subjectivity and non-factuality (Hoa, 2004). So, this study also focuses on these types of modality. Epistemic Nguyen Hoa (2004)indicates the degree of commitment by the speaker to what he/ she says.It means that Epistemic, which is derived from the Greek word meaning understanding or knowledge, refers to the type of modality that indicates the degree of commitment by the speaker to what he says. Palmer (1986) also suggests that epistemic modality should relate to modal system to indicate the degree of commitment the extent to which the truth of proposition is possible. We can see this degree in two sentences: John may be in the office. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ here explains foruncertainly/a possible conclusion of speakerin the speculative sentence (a) through using the modal verb may. John must be in the office. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢In the deductive sentence (b), this degree here is the only possible conclusion of speaker which is showed in the word must. By two examples above, it is not difficult to indicate the degree of the commitment when speaker says. Furthermore, Palmer also provides that epistemic can be described as possibility-based. It is interested in belief, knowledge or truth, etc and consists of no element of with. According to Palmer, there are two kinds of epistemic commitment such as judgement and evidential. About judgement, the creator relates to possibility and necessity and the judgements appear to be more subjective because the commitment comes from the speaker knowledge or belief. We look at two below sentences together. Here: She is likely to be late. (English) Cà ³ là ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ½ già ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  nà  y tà  u Ä‘Ã £ chà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¡y. (Vietnamese) likely and cà ³ là ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ½ are two words used to describe the commitment of speaker. He think that she (a) maybe goes to late and maybe basing on the time the train run away (b). He believes that and that is his thinking in his mind. So, it seems likely more subjective not sure, not exactly for listener. If judgement concerns of subjective, evidential relates to objectively. It is encoded the ground on which a speaker makes an overtly qualified assertion and represents a proposition more objectively. Ex:They say the match has been called off. Nghe nà ³i hà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¯n Ä‘Ã £ bà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  trà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Ëœn. It is clear that speaker has a particular evident to give out his word. By using the third speaker, his word has the higher belief. Therefore, when speaker does not ensure the truth of what he/she says, he often chose one of four to say what he is thinking: What speaker surmises What speaker reasons What speaker is reported by another What speaker is felt by his/ her sense We can interpret these ideas by using some sentences with: I think thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ They say thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ It seemsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ As a resultà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Givà ³n thinks that epistemic modality is built by evident and thinking ability. Here, we can say more about proposition which is not clear because it is used to show a statement which is a current affair, foreground or background. For instance, They say the match has been called off. The math-called off- in the first listening, listener perhaps think that there is no subjective in this word. Specially, the speaker does not show any commitments in his word but only gives the problem by evident they say. It seems that subjective modality does not appear here. However, this is also seen a type of commitment because giving the evident is a commitment which has degree-indirect commitment. In short, epistemic modality gives the status of the speaker for the truth what he says which is based on evidences of judgments he takes. Deontic Deontic is also a type of modality which is the dimension of: obligation, permission, prohibition, etc. Ex: You mustnt do it its against the law. Bà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ¡nh nhà ¢n cà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ §n Ä‘Æ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £c yà ªn tÄ ©nh. Through these examples here, we can see that deontic can be characterized as necessity-based or obligation-based. According to Nguyen Hoa, it is concerned with action and contains an element of will. In the sentence, for instance, you mustnt do it its against the law, it wants to say the obligation of the action: dont do it is necessary because if you do it, you will break the rules. Obligation and different degree of obligation can be express by other verbs of adjectives as well. In English, speaker can say need to/ ought to/ have to/ should/ can/ must/etc while in Vietnamese, speaker can use bà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¯t buà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢c, phà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £i, cà ³ thà ¡Ã‚ »Ã†â€™, cà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ §n, hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ©aà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ You must complete your homework before you go to school. Con phà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £i là  m xong bà  i tà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ­p và ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚  nhà   rà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Å"i mà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºi Ä‘Æ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ £c Ä‘i chÆ ¡i nhà ©. According to Nguyen Hoa, there will have many grammatical types of deontic modality. The first type consists of imperatives and directives where we try to get people to do things. To illustrate, we have seen two examples: Ex: You ought to leave now.(1) Nà ³ phà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ £i Ä‘i ngà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ § sà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºm. (2) Both of them mean getting listener to do action leave (1) and go to bed (2). Subjects must be compulsory, not deny or postpone the given request. Another type is commissives where commit ourselves to do things which surface as declaratives since they concerned with action. Ex: I will give you a hand.(3) Tà ´i hà ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ ©asà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ½ cà ³ mà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ·t Ä‘Ã ºng già ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ .(4) These sentences here present the undertaking of the speaker. However, speaker cannot do the action in the future while (1) and (2) speaker obligates this action. By explaining the above, epistemic modality is interested in the truth, the belief of knowledge. In contrast, deontic modality is interested in the action. For example: You should do your homework. You must do your homework. In these examples, the participants are urges as expressed by the subjects of the sentences, to changing degrees, to form an action. CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY 3.1. RESEARCH DESIGN The study was given out with the qualitative and quantitative approaches so as to response its aims and objectives. The research design is planned to carry out such important things as: Describing and comparing the collected data for finding out the types of modality. Finding out the showing types of modality through the point of grammar structures in languages. 3.2. RESEARCH METHODS In order to get the aims and objectives of the study, the descriptive and contrastive methods are used in connection with the qualitative and quantitative approaches. The descriptive method describes the types of modality in languages. Besides, the comparative methods is used to find out the similarities as well as the differences in both of types. 3.3. DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLES In this study, about some sentences in English and in Vietnamese) were collected from English and Vietnamese from the real life, books. 3.4. DATA COLLECTION To meet the demands of the aims and objectives, samples of modality in English and Vietnamese were collected. All of these samples were gathered from a lot of words on different documental collections. 3.5. DATA ANALYSIS Data analysis is considered to be a very important part to point out the modality consists of the following steps: Describing qualitatively and quantitatively the data collected. Using sentences to analyze the linguistic features of modality Comparing and finding out the similarities and differences between the epistemic modality and deontic modality 3.6. RESEARCH PROCEDURE The study procedures were carried out as follows: Reviewing the previous studies thoroughly and identifying the research scope. Collecting sentences from the real life, books. Picking out some sentences explanation in English languages. Comparing and pointing out the similarities and differences in types of modality. 3.7. RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY In terms of reliability, the data are collected from in the circumstances in the real life( ensure about grammar) and collected from the books with the name of author, the time, the place of publication where the quotation comes from. It means that the quality of the data is reliable. Besides, the findings and conclusions in the study are taken from the analysis of frequency of samples and proofs concerned without any prejudices and presuppositions. For this reason, the objectivity of the study is assured. All collected sentences in this thesis could be representative. In addition, the analyses in the study have always been conducted in the light of theoretical background to ensure the quality of the study. 3.8. CONCLUDING In short, such parts as research design, data collection and data analysis are mentioned in detail in this chapter. Moreover, research procedures as well as reliability and validity are also presented specifically. Thus, the discussion of findings in chapter 4 could be described and compared scientifically thanks to the careful and reasonable preparation of this chapter. CHAPTER 4: FINDING AND DISCUSSION Showing types of modality in performing sentences How do epistemic modality and deontic modality represent in systems of sentence meaning. It is used to form strong expression or to evoke the mind of the words. In contrast, in the term of grammar to create a sentence, there are various different points of grammatical theory. So, this study will present some points of view where modality is shown in grammar system to perform a sentence with complete meaning about epistemic or deontic modality. 4.1 Personal modality According to Quirks classification, there is another subcomponent of the interpersonal related to those features involving the speakers own contribution to the representational meaning of the sentence. 4.1.1 Form modality markers According to Nguyen Hoa, the speaker can participate by offering his comment on the form f what he is saying, defining in some way under what condition he is speaking. For examples: Nà ³i thà ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ³ng, cà ´ à ¡Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¥y là   ngÆ °Ãƒ ¡Ã‚ »Ã‚ i à ­ch kà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ °. (1) Frankly, Im tired. (2) In these Vietnamese and English sentences, speaker has a personal attitude for a person who both speaker and listener know to give comment (1). In the second example, similarity speaker also shows his own attitude. We can see that epistemic modality in this sentence because it shows the speakers belief with the truth in the sentence. We have modal adverbs to make the form-modality markers : frankly, confidentially, generally, honestly, candidlyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Ex: Personally, I dont like your plan. 4.1.2 Content-modality markers Nguyen Hoa also explains more about this issue. He says that the speaker can give comment on the extent to which he believes that what he is saying is true. For example: To our surprise, he arrived home late. (Nguyen Hoa, 2004, p.181) In this example, speaker expresses his attitude on the extent to our surprise to which he is saying. Here only has our it means the limited field in someone (consist of speaker and listeners staying in this time) In the content- modality markers, it is divided into two types and each type has some words to indicate modality more easily. The first type is the degree of belief: Ex: Surely, he can solve his problem by himself. (I am sure thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Express primarily a subjective view on the truth of what he is saying is truth: certainly, admittedly, surely, undeniably, undoubtedly, unquestionably. Ex: Clearly, he can solve his problem by himself. ( Its clear to me thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Markers of degree of convictions as open to objective evidence: clearly, evidently, obviously, plainly. Ex: Technically, he can solve his problem by himself. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Markers of reality or lack of reality in what is said: actually, officially, technically, theoretically. The second type is comment other than on the truth value of what is said. Without necessary implication that the judgement applies to the subject of the sentence or indeed to the speaker. Ex: Hopefully, John returned home yesterday. -> John was hopeful in doing so -> That someone else was hopeful as a result of Johns action. Other markers: annoyingly, curiously, funnily enough, happily, hopefully, luckily, naturally, surprisingly With an implication that the judgement applies to the subject of the sentence. Ex: Wisely, John returned home yesterday. -> The speaker considers the action as wise and he also considers John wise for doing the action. Other markers: wrongly, rightly. 4.2 Modal lexical verbs Palmer (1986, p. 183) considered: in some languages such as English for one, there exist some modal lexical verbs with complement clauses which can be used performatively to indicate the attitudes and opinions of the speaker. mostly verbs with a 1st subject. For instances: I believe that he will become a good student. (epistemic) That he will become a good student in the sentence is the object of the main verb believe. This verb expresses the thinking of the speaker. So, this sentence creates the epistemic modality. It is the same the above example, we has another sentence: I request you to clean your room immediately. (deontic) It is interested that the form of this sentence is the same the form of the above sentence. You to clean your room immediately is the objective of the main verb of the sentence request. However, this sentence here brings the deontic modality because it has the actions concentration. 4.3 Modality in subordinate clause All English learners know that subordinate clause consists of nominal clause, adverbial clause and adjectival clause. How do we indicate modality in subordinate clause? We have example below: I believe that she did the right thing. The verb believe is a lexical verb, and it expresses belief. The clause that she did the right thing is a subordinate clause and shows the belief about what. It presents the belief more than the action or it is the epistemic modality. By this explanation, the subordinate clause presents the proposition whereas the main lexical verb indicates modality. DISCUSSION How to distinguish between epistemic modality and deontic modality in modal words? English is a language which is rather rich in modal words, especially modal verbs such as:may, might, will, would, should, must, ought to, need, can, could. These verbs have a number of meanings, for example, the verb MUST can express both epistemic and deontic modality: a. Heaven must be at work now. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ must expresses a strong commitment on the part of the speaker to the truth of the proposition. (Heaven is at work.) b. You must finish your homework before going to bed. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢It is about an obligation on the part of the person denoted by you, the statement is about action to be accomplished. (You do your homework.) For modal verbs in the past, deontic modality also is also expressed in the past action. For instance: You should have gone to the meeting yesterday (Hiep (2007),cited on Lyons, p.824) Deontic modality is presented in the appreciation with the action in the past. In this utterance, speaker does not obligate listener to go to the yesterday meeting, he only confirms that in the point before the present time, listener was in the circumstance which listener had to go to the meeting. Therefore, we did the action which was a confirmation. In which general, we can admit the distinguishing between epistemic modality and deontic modality which is based on three 3 items: necessary, ability and reality. This chapter gives a conclusion for this study. First, the issues given in this assignment are discussed. Second, the recommendations and suggestions for further study are made. In general, it is quite difficult to understand fully and profoundly those types because they relate to the grammar feature, ways to use different languages in the real life. The difficulty in learning a language is to understand the meaning of it exactly because the meaning of a word is diversified when it is used to form a sentence. English is a language spoken in many countries and modality shown is multiform. This is based on the purpose of the user. This study indicates the interesting point of modality in language, especially in English and Vietnamese a little. By illustration, language learners can understand more about researching with the sides of meaning related to two types of modality. All what have been referred to in this paper come from the limited understanding and ability. It is, however, hoped that this study will be a small contribution to figure out the interesting significance of the modality of the present international language and a reference to those who are interested in learning and researching language. Bybee, J. (1985). Morphology. Armsterdam: Benjamins. Frawley, Charles, C. (1992). Linguistic semantics. Hillsdale, NJ: Laurence Erlbaum Associates. Hiep, N. V. (2007). Mot so pham tru tinh thai trong ngong ngu. Tap chi Ngon Ngu. Hoa, N. (2004). Understanding English Semantics. Ha Noi: Nxb. Ä HQG Hà   Nà ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â€ž ¢i. Palmer, F. R. (1986). Mood and Modality. Cambridge: CPU. Searle, J. R. (1969). Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. Cambridge and New York: CPU.

How William Blake Uses Poetry as an Instrument for Social Comment :: Laughing Song London William Blake Essays

How William Blake Uses Poetry as an Instrument for Social Comment Living in a world without modern technology and media. William Blake (1757 - 1827) used his poetry as a powerful instrument for social comment. This is particularly evident in 'Laughing Song'; and 'London'; taken from The Portable Blake. The two poems present conflicting views of creation and mankind. In his innocent years, Blake saw the world as a 'joyous meadow, natural and free. However as he grew with experience his naive ideology was tainted with images of war and devastation. Blake's purpose in writing these poems is to position his readers to see the world as it lies before them, unmasked and raw. He is inviting society to take a stand against the degradation of our land and our people, a timeless invitation. To do so Blake exploits the traditional poetic conventions of persona, form, language, tone and atmosphere. The persona of both 'Laughing Song and 'London'; is Blake himself. However he is writing in two opposing states of mind. 'Laughing Song'; comes from the Songs of Innocence, a collection of celebratory poems, offering a view of the world with the 'voice of joy' though perhaps through rose-coloured glasses. Blake is simply enjoying nature, and through this is therefore praising God. In 'London'; however, the glasses are removed and Blake's images of a once 'merry scene' are lost, replaced by 'charter'd streets'. Coming from the Songs of Experience, Blake is presenting his perceptions of a changed world, moulded and suppressed by human hands. To structurally support meaning, Blake has exploited the form of both poems. 'Laughing Song'; consists of three, simple, four-lined stanzas. Perhaps representing succinct periods in Blake's childhood. Beneath the apparently simple form however, lies an intricate web of complex meanings. Although ordered, Blake's use of rhyming couplets and longer lines stress the delight in nature and the harmony between nature and man. In 'London';, all harmony is lost, and therefore so is the coupled rhyme pattern. Alternate lines rhyming in five quatrains replace it, emphasising the disjointed city, lacking in society love and unity. Language, and in particular, imagery plays a vital role in Blake's poetry to convey meaning. Perhaps this is because Blake was also a talented artist and was therefore able to make images come alive on the page. In 'Laughing Song';, Blake uses light and joyous terms to describe the world around him. The 'green woods' provoke images of lush nature, spring and happy times.

Free Essays: Antigone and Ismene in Oedipus at Colonus :: Oedipus at Colonus Essays

Antigone and Ismene in Oedipus at Colonus "Behold this Oedipus, --/ him who knew the famous riddles and was a man most masterful;/ not a citizen who did not look with envy on his lot-- see him now and see the breakers of misfortune swallow him!" (Oedipus the King, 1524-1527). Now that Oedipus has lost everything-- his wife, mother, kingdom, and all power-- his existence rests entirely on the aid of his two daughters. However, that dependence is not evenly distributed between Antigone and Ismene. Even though both daughters provide assistance to Oedipus, the relationship that Oedipus has with Ismene is weaker in comparison to the firm and unwavering relationship that he has with Antigone. Oedipus's incompetence is evident from the very beginning of the play, explaining why he relies on Antigone time and again. When they arrive at the sacred grove at Colonus, Oedipus asks Antigone to leave him and find out if anyone lives nearby, and she says that she can see a man approaching. To which Oedipus follows with more inquiries: "Is he coming this way? Has he started towards us?" (I, 30). Even after the stranger leaves, Oedipus cannot tell that he has exited until Antigone tells him so. Antigone also aids Oedipus by warning him that she sees the Chorus approaching. Oedipus, once a great intellectual, is not even capable of responding to a simple request of his name without the aid of Antigone: "My child, what can I say to them?" (ii, 214). Additionally, Oedipus seems to need help with every little move he makes, even for the mere act of being seated: "Help me sit down; take care of the blind man." (I, 21). Luckily for Oedipus, his relationship with Antigone reach es a point where Antigone no longer needs instructions from her father; it is assured that she will help him: "After so long, you need not tell me father" (I, 22). Even though Antigone helps her father with everything, Oedipus's reliance on Antigone seems to weigh greatly on her ability to see for him, emphasizing Oedipus's blindness and impotence, as well as the strength of Oedipus's relationship with Antigone. Oedipus and Antigone have a mutual commitment to each other, supporting the fact that their rapport is greater than the attachment between Oedipus and Ismene.

Hepatitis C : The Silent Epidemic Essay -- Health Medical Medicine Ess

Hepatitis C : The Silent Epidemic Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Did you know that over two hundred million people are infected with the Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)? Unfortunately it is true, and twenty five thousand more are infected each year. Out of these victims, three are acquaintances of mine. They are why I chose to research this Silent Epidemic. In this paper you will not only learn about the virus itself, but also ways to recognize and prevent it. The goal of this is to prevent the further spread of this disease, and furthermore to make you aware of your options if infected. Statistics   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hepatitis C affects approximately 1.8% of the population in the U.S. This accounts for nearly 4 million people. And this number is only growing. It has been estimated that twenty five to thirty five thousand new cases are diagnosed each year. What is the Hepatitis C Virus?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As you already know, the cells in the body respond to infection in many ways. One of these ways is inflammation. Hepatitis C is an inflammation of the liver. However, it does not affect the whole liver at once. The silent epidemic sneaks up slowly by causing damage to individual liver cells. This means, HCV progresses slowly over many years. How do you get Hepatitis C   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many risk factors that may lead to the spread the Hepatitis C Virus. In many cases symptoms are not visible until ten or even twenty years after the infection. Since treatments are based on the degree of infection, it is important to find this virus as soon as possible. Are you at risk? Ask yourself the following questions to find out! 1.) Have you received a blood transfusion prior to 1992? 2.) Have you had any solid organ transplants, such as your heart, liver, or kidney? 3.) Are you on long-term kidney dialysis? 4.) Are you a member of the healthcare field, in which you have had exposure to blood? 5.) Have you ever used recreational drugs? (Needles? Cocaine Straws?) 6.) Have you ever had high risk sex? (Anal? Multiple Partners?) 7.) Do you have a tattoo or body piercing? 8.) Do you live with, or have regular contact with an infected person? If so, do you share nail clippers, razors, or toothbrushes?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If you have answered yes to any of these questions, you are at a risk for having Hepatitis C. So now what can you do? Diagnosing Hepatitis C   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If you feel you may have been exposed t... ... Ribavirin   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ribavirin is a pill which is used along with alpha-interferon. It has been proven that this pill helps the alpha-interferon to work better. Patients who choose to take this pill are prescribed several pills a day. These pills must be take everyday along with regular alpha-interferon injections to positively affect the body. Goals of treatment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are two basic goals of HCV treatment. The first goal is to have a sustained virologic response. This means that the virus will remain at an undetectable in the blood for six or more months after treatment. The second goal is an improved histologic response. An example of this is the decrease of liver inflammation, and the reduction of scarring of the liver.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hepatitis C is a silent epidemic. There is no vaccination, and no cure. The only way to prevent the spread of this disease is to be aware of your surroundings, and practice a clean way of living. Although there is treatment for Hepatitis C, it is a painful disease in its later stages. If you feel you have been exposed, please, do not hesitate to have yourself tested. The Hepatitis C Virus is, and will remain, a threat to your life.

How Macbeth changes throughout the play Essay

Macbeth starts off as a very proud honourable man who is very loyal to the king. Macbeth must be trust worthy and looked up to as everyone is telling the king how well he has fought for Scotland, you can tell this by the captain saying ‘yes, as sparrows, eagles, or the hare, the lion. If I say sooth, I must report they were as cannons over charged with double cracks; so they doubled and redoubled strokes upon the foe. This means they put twice as many strokes on the enemy with his sword. Act1 scene3 is the first time we hear macbeth speak, his first words are the same as the witches words in act1 scene1 ‘so foul and fair day I have not seen’ As the witches speak he is slowly changing, I think he is thinking that it cant be true but he really wants it to. When Ross tells Macbeth he is thane of cawdor he cannot believe it, he is starting to believe the witches he tests Ross ‘the thane of candour lives. Why do you dress me in borrowed robes’Macbeth is starting to live that there is a chance the witches are correct. ‘If chance will have me king,why chance may crown me without stir’ In scene 5 Macbeth is home ,his first words are ‘Duncan comes here tonight’ This means that he hasw thought about the situation again and again I also he has thought about killing him.Ww start to see Macbeth weaken as he starts to think of the concequences.He is no longer the brave, furious man he has changed, he is now starting to think.Lady macbeth starts to call Macbeth names such as a coward and slowly seduces macbeth to changr his mind. ‘I have done the deed’ Macbeth says this is a voice of worry, regret and this suggest’s disbelief.He starts to question ‘did thoust not a noise’ he is looking for reasurance he is scared. This is not the Macbeth we know.He starts to question himself ‘To know my deed, twere best not know myself.He plays it very well asif he doesnt know what has happened.He slays the servants to make it look like it was not him. He is not man enough to kill banquo himself so he has murderers do it for him. In one speech he talks about him and banquo,he gives clear insructions to do it properly or else ill kill you. When Macbeth findsn out they did not suceed he is infuriated. Macbeth sees banquos ghost in his armchair and asked who put him there, his head is naked?He is hallucinating,Lady Macbeth tries to calm him down but she cant he is to scared, he is not man enough to face his problems. As a result of this experiance he decides to return to the witches. The first aparrition says ‘beware Mc Duff tahne of fife’Macbeth thinks but cant really make any sense of it.He gets anxious ‘had I three ears, I here thee’.He is feeling as high as a kite as none of woman born shall harm him he feels super, on top of the world, he knows he can be as ruthless as he pleases.He is even more careless now as cthe woods can never move so far. He is now so strong assured and confident it is almost unreal.Macbeth has McDuff’s family killed this shows how ruthless he is now. After a long break we next see him in act5.He finds out that the army are coming he asks for his armour, he tells them hel’l fight them all, he is extremeley confident.He finds out that the woods are coming closer and he is effected tremendously, at this time there is only one life line left.He finds out lady macberth is dead he takes a minute but is not that bothered, he’s concentrating on his battle ahead. He kills young siward and brags that he was woman born and he laughs at swords. Macbeth hears ‘turn hell hound turn’ ,at this time he’s thinking oh my god, he says none of woman born shall harm macbeth. McDuff says ‘McDuff was from his mothers womb untimeley ripped’ at this time macbeth realises that he is going to die.He refuses to fight but McDuff tells him he will be put on show in scotland so he rises and fights.At this point we see the old macbeth the strong, brave, lion hearted, heroic macbeth we have always known.McDuff kills macbeth , but I dont think macbeth would of wanted to die any other way as he was fighting. I think the witches told him one thing that meant something else but Macbeth was all braun and no brain.He changes in this play many times from good to bad to brave to loyal to deciving.He ends the play by dying in style.

Toxic Shock Syndrom

About Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a serious but uncommon infection caused by either Staphylococcus aureus bacteria or by streptococcus bacteria. Originally linked to the use of tampons, especially high-absorbency ones and those that are not changed frequently, it's now also known to be associated with the contraceptive sponge and diaphragm birth control methods. TSS also can arise from wounds secondary to minor trauma or surgery incisions where bacteria have been able to enter the body and cause the infection. TSS also can affect anyone who has any type of staph infection, including pneumonia, abscess, skin or wound infection, the blood infection septicemia, or the bone infection osteomyelitis. Most often, streptococcal TSS appears after bacteria have invaded areas of injured skin, such as cuts and scrapes, surgical wounds, and even chickenpox blisters. Symptoms of TSS can include sudden high fever, a faint feeling, diarrhea, headache, a rash, and muscle aches. If your child has these symptoms, call your doctor right away. Symptoms Toxic shock syndrome starts suddenly, often with high fever (temperature at least 102 ° F [38.  ° C]), a rapid drop in blood pressure (with lightheadedness or fainting), vomiting, diarrhea, headache, sore throat, or muscle aches. A sunburn-like rash may appear anywhere on the body, including the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. A person also might have bloodshot eyes and an unusual redness under the eyelids or inside the mouth (and vagina in fem ales). The area around an infected wound can become swollen, red, and tender, or may not even appear infected. Other symptoms may include confusion or other mental changes, decreased urination, fatigue and weakness, and thirst. If TSS is untreated, organs such as the liver and kidneys may begin to fail, and problems such as seizures, bleeding, and heart failure can develop. Prevention The bacteria that cause toxic shock syndrome can be carried on unwashed hands and prompt an infection anywhere on the body. So good hand washing is extremely important. Girls can reduce their risk of TSS by either avoiding tampons or alternating them with sanitary napkins. Girls who use only tampons should choose ones with the lowest absorbency that will handle menstrual flow, and change the tampons frequently. On low-flow days, girls should use pads instead of tampons. Between menstrual periods, store tampons away from heat and moisture (where bacteria can grow) — for example, in a bedroom rather than in a bathroom closet. Because staphylococcus bacteria are often carried on hands, it's important for girls to wash their hands thoroughly before and after inserting a tampon. If your daughter has her menstrual period, talk to her about taking these precautions. Any female who has recovered from TSS should not use tampons. Clean and bandage all skin wounds as quickly as possible. Call your doctor immediately whenever a wound becomes red, swollen, or tender, or if a fever begins. Diagnosis and Treatment TSS is a medical emergency. If you think your child has TSS, call a doctor right away. Depending on the symptoms, a doctor may see you in the office or refer you to a hospital emergency department for immediate evaluation and testing. If doctors suspect TSS, they will probably start intravenous (IV) fluids and antibiotics as soon as possible. They may take a sample from the suspected site of the infection, such as the skin, nose, or vagina, to check it for TSS. They may also take a blood sample. Other blood tests can help monitor how various organs like the kidneys are working and check for other diseases that may be causing the symptoms. Medical staff will remove tampons, contraceptive devices, or wound packing; clean any wounds; and, if there is a pocket of infection (an abscess), a doctor may need to drain pus from the infected area. People with TSS typically need to stay in the hospital, often in the intensive care unit (ICU), for several days to closely monitor blood pressure, respiratory status, and to look for signs of other problems, such as organ damage. TSS is a very rare illness. Although it can be fatal, if recognized and treated promptly it is usually curable. When to Call the Doctor Call your doctor immediately if your child has any signs or symptoms of toxic shock syndrome. Once you realize that something is wrong, it's important to get medical attention right away. The sooner your child gets treatment, the better. Reviewed by: Larissa Hirsch, MD Date reviewed: January 2011 Note: All information on KidsHealth ® is for educational purposes only. For specific medical advice, diagnoses, and treatment, consult your doctor.  © 1995-2011 The Nemours Foundation. All rights reserved.

Fighting the Long War Essay

The strategy outlined in â€Å"Fighting the Long War† is a good one. There are, of course, other options. One is to flee and do nothing more than we have already done. Yet, as the presentation’s authors suggest, this would almost certainly lead to the ruin of America. Stopping action now will not clear away centuries of hate and rage, nor will it erase the religious and political goals of a long committed enemy. Those who are less patient and less willing to lose men to a war, might suggested a shorter war, brought about by greater use of force. The military has been tied back and prevented from executing its full power in the Middle East. The United States could, if it wished, use its nuclear weapons against the enemy. Yet it does not. This may be a good thing. Using nuclear weapons would be unquestionably risky. Other countries which boast nuclear technologies might be tempted to retaliate, which could lead to the eventual destruction of American cities. It could also lead to chaos with unpredictable outcomes. Therefore, the best strategy seems to be to follow the long war approach of the presenters. Perhaps the most important point made in the presentation, was that Americans need to understand the nature and necessity of a long war and that they need to be able to trust their leaders. The main objection to involvement in Iraq was not that Sadam Hussein did not need to be stopped – it was that President Bush went in with the wrong motives. Whether the president’s motives were benevolent or malevolent, much of the American public distrusted him and this hurt the war effort substantially. Also of great import is the section on promoting the good points of peaceful Islam. Criticizing a person’s religion often triggers hostility. Those who have already been provoked by maltreatment by non-Muslims are much more likely to be converted violent extremism than those who have lived peacefully among their peers for many years. Promoting Islam’s peaceful movements, then, is a good counter-measure. Likewise, promoting assistance in rebuilding and democratizing Iraq is an excellent idea. Japan has certainly come a long way. It would be nice if Iraq could too.

Bottled Water

Yizza Burgueno First Draft Instructor Michael Heumann English 101 March 26, 2013 Bottled Water Most American see bottled water as a necessity, even though bottled water did not exist many years ago. Drinking out of a water bottle has become the standard drinking source for most Americans. We have become dependent on plastic waste. Water is life sustaining, so many of us would think that drinking water out of a bottle is harmless. Regrettably it is not, there have been traces of PET and BPA in the plastic containers we are drinking out of. Both PET and BPA can stimulate sever health consequences.Not only are we putting our life in danger by drinking out of bottled water but our planet as well. Plastic bottles don’t just vanish into thin air. Most Americans don’t recycle, so most plastic bottles end up on streets, rivers, lakes, canals, streams, or oceans polluting our planet. Not only is bottled water way more expensive than tap, it also contains the same water quality a s tap water. In other words we’re just paying for the names on the plastic bottles. Rather than paying for quality, our tap water can produce just about the same quality as bottled water. Bottled water is not all it is made out to be.We all need water to survive, especially when up to 60% of the human body is composed of it (USGS, 2009). Water is absolutely necessary to our planet. Approximately 75% of the earth’s surface is covered by water, but only 1% of that is drinkable (Soechtig, 2009). Hence, clean drinkable water is not as easy to get as it may seem. Representative Dennis Kuchinich from Ohio states that, â€Å"Water is a basic human right, it’s a necessary for survival of life. When you start commodifying the necessities of life in such a way as to make it more difficult for people to gain access, you have the basis for serious political instability,† (Soechtig, 2009).Water is no longer a fundamental right, it has become bankable and sold to peopl e who already have perfectly drinkable water coming out of their tap. People are looking at water as if it were gold and are only looking for a way to profit off of it. Instead of waiting in line to drink from the water fountains, people are waiting in line at the stores to pay for overly priced bottled water. People are no longer drink out of water fountains or out their kitchen sinks because they have the luxury of buying bottled water.Therefore, the demand for water fountains has decreased because of how easily it is to obtain bottled water. The more we buy bottled water, the more we are convinced that bottled water is not a luxury, but rather a necessity (Gleick, 2010, p. 107). Although, drinking out of a plastic bottle can cost twice as much, if not more than the water that comes out of our kitchen sinks and public drinking fountains and may also harm not only our health but our planet as well, millions of people still keep buying and drinking out of bottled water.Peter Gleick author of Bottled and Sold: the Story Behind our Obsession with Bottled Water, wrote, â€Å"certainly, the environmental problems with bottled water, the economic costs to pocketbooks, and the growing support for improving tap water quality and reliability are all contributing to new thinking about the simple act of buying a plastic bottled water,†(Gleick, 2010, p. 161). Bottled water was nonexistent many years ago. Elizabeth Royote mentions in her book, that people did not start walking down the streets with their water bottles until 1989 when water could be put in clear, lightweight bottles made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET).Once that was created, bottled water skyrocketed in the 90’s. Water sales tripled in size, from 4. 5 gallons per year for the average American in 1986, to 12. 7 gallons per person in 1997 (NRDC, 1999). In 2007, Americans bout more than 29 billion bottles of water (Soechtig, 2009). America has engraved into people heads that drinking tap wat er is not healthy and in fear of the people have turned to bottled water thinking it’s the healthier option for them. Some people have gone to drinking bottled water literally because they are concerned about their water, and the problem is they are unaware of the fact that buying bottled water is not necessarily safe, that they end up being exposed to other chemical compounds,† says Stephanie King (PH. D. , M. P. H. ) a toxicologists and epidemiologist with Toxicology Inc. (Soechtig, 2009). Bottled water can actually lead to health concerns for those with weak immune systems, (NRDC, 1999). Most water bottles are made from polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a polymer derived from oil that adds flexibility, color, and strength to plastic (Royote, 2008, p. 48). Another health risky ingredient in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastic is Bisphenol A (BPA), a non steroidal estrogenic compound (Rubin, Murray, Damassa, King, and Soto, 2001). BPA can be found in many products such as sports bottles, baby bottles, and water coolers (Soechtig, 2009). Every American owns or has own a bottled that contained BPA, and because BPA mimics estrogen most bottles say they are â€Å"BPA free†. â€Å"Bisphoenol A may be one of the most potent, toxic chemicals known to man. The problem is Bisphenol A acts at very low doses as an estrogen,† (Soechtig, 2009).Both PET and BPA can be harming to Americans health, one leading to cancer and the other leading to the reproductive system. One’s life is not only in danger from drinking out of bottled water but the earth’s life as well. A large amount of water is wasted to create plastic bottles plus the water used to fill it. The amounts of bottles produce are not nearly close to the amounts recycled. Of the 80 million single served bottles of water consumed daily, 30 million ends up in landfills (Soechtig, 2009). The other ends up all over the streets making their way to the ocean, lakes, rivers, ca nals.Etc. The average international recycling rate for beverages containers for the word is 50%, but the United States is 20% and this number has been declining (Soechtig, 2009). The cost to produce bottled water is twice as expensive as, if not more, than tap water. Why waste more money on bottled water when people are already paying for it in the comfort of their own home. There is the cost of materials, production, and transportation. â€Å"This energy cost is a thousand times larger than the energy required to produce, process, treat, and deliver tap water,† (Gleick, 2010, p. 5). Are we just paying for the brand of the bottle rather than the quality of the water? 40% of bottled water is really just filtered tap water (Soechtig, 2009). Meaning that if people added a filter to their tap they can have bottled water quality coming out of their own kitchen faucet for a lower price. Most bottled water labels show a beautiful picture of waterfalls or mountains with streams runni ng through, portraying that that’s where the water comes from but in all reality the bottled water People are drinking from doesn’t come from afar.Yosemite water one the most popular bottled water in the Imperial Valley comes from Los Angeles California (Gleick, 2010, p. 110). Bottled water can cause illnesses, pollution, and costs lots of money. It may have the advantage of being convenient, but convenient is not worth harming your health, making the earth less livable, or spending more money on something that can comes out of your kitchen faucet, which in most cases you’re already paying for. Bottled water may look fancy or have a different taste to it but it’s not worth all the consequences.That’s why bottled water is not all it is made out to be. Works Cited Gleick, Peter H. Bottled and Sold: The Story behind Our Obsession with Bottled Water. Washington, Dc: Island, 2010. Print. Olson, Erik D. â€Å"Bottled Water. † NRDC:. NRDC, 1999. We b. 5 Mar. 2013. . Royte, Elizabeth. Bottlemania: Big Business, Local Springs, and the Battle over America's Drinking Water. New York: Bloomsbury, 2009. Print. Rubin, B. S. , M. K. Murray, D. A. Damassa, J. C. King, and A. M. Soto. Abstract. † National Center for Biotechnology Information. U. S. National Library of Medicine, 20 Dec. 2005. Web. 5 Mar. 2013. . Soechtig, Stephanie. â€Å"Tapped. † | Tapped the Movie – Official Site |. N. p. , 2009. Web. 19 Mar. 2013. . Us Geological Survey. â€Å"The Water in You. † Water Properties: (Water Science for Schools). Us Geological Survey, Oct. 2009. Web. 5 Mar. 2013. . Bottled Water Yizza Burgueno First Draft Instructor Michael Heumann English 101 March 26, 2013 Bottled Water Most American see bottled water as a necessity, even though bottled water did not exist many years ago. Drinking out of a water bottle has become the standard drinking source for most Americans. We have become dependent on plastic waste. Water is life sustaining, so many of us would think that drinking water out of a bottle is harmless. Regrettably it is not, there have been traces of PET and BPA in the plastic containers we are drinking out of. Both PET and BPA can stimulate sever health consequences.Not only are we putting our life in danger by drinking out of bottled water but our planet as well. Plastic bottles don’t just vanish into thin air. Most Americans don’t recycle, so most plastic bottles end up on streets, rivers, lakes, canals, streams, or oceans polluting our planet. Not only is bottled water way more expensive than tap, it also contains the same water quality a s tap water. In other words we’re just paying for the names on the plastic bottles. Rather than paying for quality, our tap water can produce just about the same quality as bottled water. Bottled water is not all it is made out to be.We all need water to survive, especially when up to 60% of the human body is composed of it (USGS, 2009). Water is absolutely necessary to our planet. Approximately 75% of the earth’s surface is covered by water, but only 1% of that is drinkable (Soechtig, 2009). Hence, clean drinkable water is not as easy to get as it may seem. Representative Dennis Kuchinich from Ohio states that, â€Å"Water is a basic human right, it’s a necessary for survival of life. When you start commodifying the necessities of life in such a way as to make it more difficult for people to gain access, you have the basis for serious political instability,† (Soechtig, 2009).Water is no longer a fundamental right, it has become bankable and sold to peopl e who already have perfectly drinkable water coming out of their tap. People are looking at water as if it were gold and are only looking for a way to profit off of it. Instead of waiting in line to drink from the water fountains, people are waiting in line at the stores to pay for overly priced bottled water. People are no longer drink out of water fountains or out their kitchen sinks because they have the luxury of buying bottled water.Therefore, the demand for water fountains has decreased because of how easily it is to obtain bottled water. The more we buy bottled water, the more we are convinced that bottled water is not a luxury, but rather a necessity (Gleick, 2010, p. 107). Although, drinking out of a plastic bottle can cost twice as much, if not more than the water that comes out of our kitchen sinks and public drinking fountains and may also harm not only our health but our planet as well, millions of people still keep buying and drinking out of bottled water.Peter Gleick author of Bottled and Sold: the Story Behind our Obsession with Bottled Water, wrote, â€Å"certainly, the environmental problems with bottled water, the economic costs to pocketbooks, and the growing support for improving tap water quality and reliability are all contributing to new thinking about the simple act of buying a plastic bottled water,†(Gleick, 2010, p. 161). Bottled water was nonexistent many years ago. Elizabeth Royote mentions in her book, that people did not start walking down the streets with their water bottles until 1989 when water could be put in clear, lightweight bottles made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET).Once that was created, bottled water skyrocketed in the 90’s. Water sales tripled in size, from 4. 5 gallons per year for the average American in 1986, to 12. 7 gallons per person in 1997 (NRDC, 1999). In 2007, Americans bout more than 29 billion bottles of water (Soechtig, 2009). America has engraved into people heads that drinking tap wat er is not healthy and in fear of the people have turned to bottled water thinking it’s the healthier option for them. Some people have gone to drinking bottled water literally because they are concerned about their water, and the problem is they are unaware of the fact that buying bottled water is not necessarily safe, that they end up being exposed to other chemical compounds,† says Stephanie King (PH. D. , M. P. H. ) a toxicologists and epidemiologist with Toxicology Inc. (Soechtig, 2009). Bottled water can actually lead to health concerns for those with weak immune systems, (NRDC, 1999). Most water bottles are made from polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a polymer derived from oil that adds flexibility, color, and strength to plastic (Royote, 2008, p. 48). Another health risky ingredient in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastic is Bisphenol A (BPA), a non steroidal estrogenic compound (Rubin, Murray, Damassa, King, and Soto, 2001). BPA can be found in many products such as sports bottles, baby bottles, and water coolers (Soechtig, 2009). Every American owns or has own a bottled that contained BPA, and because BPA mimics estrogen most bottles say they are â€Å"BPA free†. â€Å"Bisphoenol A may be one of the most potent, toxic chemicals known to man. The problem is Bisphenol A acts at very low doses as an estrogen,† (Soechtig, 2009).Both PET and BPA can be harming to Americans health, one leading to cancer and the other leading to the reproductive system. One’s life is not only in danger from drinking out of bottled water but the earth’s life as well. A large amount of water is wasted to create plastic bottles plus the water used to fill it. The amounts of bottles produce are not nearly close to the amounts recycled. Of the 80 million single served bottles of water consumed daily, 30 million ends up in landfills (Soechtig, 2009). The other ends up all over the streets making their way to the ocean, lakes, rivers, ca nals.Etc. The average international recycling rate for beverages containers for the word is 50%, but the United States is 20% and this number has been declining (Soechtig, 2009). The cost to produce bottled water is twice as expensive as, if not more, than tap water. Why waste more money on bottled water when people are already paying for it in the comfort of their own home. There is the cost of materials, production, and transportation. â€Å"This energy cost is a thousand times larger than the energy required to produce, process, treat, and deliver tap water,† (Gleick, 2010, p. 5). Are we just paying for the brand of the bottle rather than the quality of the water? 40% of bottled water is really just filtered tap water (Soechtig, 2009). Meaning that if people added a filter to their tap they can have bottled water quality coming out of their own kitchen faucet for a lower price. Most bottled water labels show a beautiful picture of waterfalls or mountains with streams runni ng through, portraying that that’s where the water comes from but in all reality the bottled water People are drinking from doesn’t come from afar.Yosemite water one the most popular bottled water in the Imperial Valley comes from Los Angeles California (Gleick, 2010, p. 110). Bottled water can cause illnesses, pollution, and costs lots of money. It may have the advantage of being convenient, but convenient is not worth harming your health, making the earth less livable, or spending more money on something that can comes out of your kitchen faucet, which in most cases you’re already paying for. Bottled water may look fancy or have a different taste to it but it’s not worth all the consequences.That’s why bottled water is not all it is made out to be. Works Cited Gleick, Peter H. Bottled and Sold: The Story behind Our Obsession with Bottled Water. Washington, Dc: Island, 2010. Print. Olson, Erik D. â€Å"Bottled Water. † NRDC:. NRDC, 1999. We b. 5 Mar. 2013. . Royte, Elizabeth. Bottlemania: Big Business, Local Springs, and the Battle over America's Drinking Water. New York: Bloomsbury, 2009. Print. Rubin, B. S. , M. K. Murray, D. A. Damassa, J. C. King, and A. M. Soto. Abstract. † National Center for Biotechnology Information. U. S. National Library of Medicine, 20 Dec. 2005. Web. 5 Mar. 2013. . Soechtig, Stephanie. â€Å"Tapped. † | Tapped the Movie – Official Site |. N. p. , 2009. Web. 19 Mar. 2013. . Us Geological Survey. â€Å"The Water in You. † Water Properties: (Water Science for Schools). Us Geological Survey, Oct. 2009. Web. 5 Mar. 2013. .