The Importance of Settings in Great Expectations Essay example -- Engl

The Importance of Settings in Great Expectations The purpose of setting is to provide a physical background for the narrative and it must enhance or advance the plot. In â€Å"Great Expectations† Dickens has varied and contrasted his settings (on purpose), to make the changes in characters personalities more appropriate. For example Pip goes from a poor, working class boy from the marshes, to a socialite of the upper class who is arrogant and proud in London. In his choice of setting Dickens has made sure that his settings tie in with his characters social class, he has done this with Jaggers the lawyer who lives in London, Wemmick his assistant who lives in a quiet, small, eccentric urban house and the Gargery’s in their forge on the marshes. By making Characters settings seem appropriate for their class and personal storyline this makes the novel seem somewhat realistic and possible and this must have been very exciting to the readers of what was then a series and would have been one reason why they might have been eager to read the next chapter. I think Dickens intentionally made his purpose of setting real and authentic to achieve the appeal, which would have been generated from this. Dickens ability to set mood, tone and atmosphere to compliment his characters was crucial in their success, for example, Abel Magwitch and his first appearance in the story as the ‘convict’. What better a place to situate a convict but in a place where it is misty, foggy, cold, damp, dark, dangerous and perilously silent? What makes it even better is that also Dickens puts in a timid boy who has come to visit his dead relatives, only to be ambushed by a convict. The atmosphere created here really works and is effecti... ...reate unique and powerful portrayals of his settings for example ‘the sky was just a row of long angry lines and dense black lines intermixed’. By using similes like ‘skylight patched like a broken head’ Dickens made setting imaginable and so easier to imagine/relate to. The use of setting Great Expectations is of a high standard as Dickens has been able to create vivid world through his involvements of senses and various writing techniques. Also Dickens was able to make his novel realistic as he drew from many of the experiences of his life. Dickens has provided more than a physical background for his narrative as through is settings he has further enhanced and also deepened his plot there for bringing his book to life, also he has used mood, tone and atmosphere to complement his characters effectively and his choice of locations fit in with his story.

Different reasons people communicate Essay

In general, human beings like to live with other human beings. Most of us are sociable creatures who want to reach out to other people around us. Very few humans lead completely solitary lives. People also communicate for specific reasons; in order to express Emotions such as: †¢ Fear †¢ Anger †¢ Pain †¢ Joy †¢ Love. People want to get views, wishes and information across to others for all kinds of reasons. Sometimes this can be essential – even life saving in the case of a warning. It can be vital to make a person’s quality of life Better if they are communicating that they are in pain or it can be to make Emotional contact with others to express feelings. People live and communicate within a range of different groups and Communities, including: †¢ Families †¢ Neighborhoods †¢ Workplaces †¢ Schools and colleges. The nature of communication is very different dependent on the Circumstances. Some communications are personal and very intimate; these are usually with people to whom we are very close. Other communications are for a wider audience and are aimed at groups of people. Communication can be formal, such as in a courtroom setting, or informal, such as friends chatting. 2†¦ Explain how communication affects relationships in the work setting. Effective communication is a two-way process – sending the right message that is also being correctly received and understood by the other person/s. It is essential that there is good and effective communication taking place within the work setting. Daily tasks will only be successful with smooth transfers of information. In order for me to develop within my role, there must be effective communication between the children and myself. This will help keep positive morale and improve the quality of work. People that do not feel as if they have good communication with their carers may not be as efficient with their work. Effective communication skills are also needed to encourage staff and myself to talk about what we are feeling, to say what we think or to express our needs, concerns, wishes or preferences. Positive verbal and non-verbal communication skills, such as being friendly, smiling and shaking hands when greeting parents and staff, are required on a daily basis. Effective communication can help promote and create a positive working environment. Without communication the world would be a lonely place and communication is particularly important in the work setting as it can affect the relationships you build. Team communication is important as it is important to keep everyone in the group knowledgeable about what is going on within that group. As I would be communicating with parents, colleagues, children and other professionals (i.e. health visitors, speech and language therapists, social workers, other schools, Police and other governing bodies) it is important that everybody is provided the information they need. Communication is vital to establishing effective relationships in the work setting. It would allow you to expect support from your colleagues and to provide them with the necessary support in times of stress and difficulty.re and am there to support the children. 3†¦ describe the factors to consider when promoting effective communication. Verbal communication: Tone and pitch of your voice, does it suit the situation or topic? A louder more direct communication maybe required if trying to get the attention of a group of children to come back inside. However this would not be suitable in a situation whereby a child is upset say for example if they have wet themselves and are embarrassed, this would need a quieter and understanding tone to reassure them. Use of language is important, when talking to children you need to keep things simpler than if you were talking to an adult, however if you talking to an adult using very simple instructions this may be deemed as patronizing. So it is important to choose your language carefully. The speed in which you talk is also key. When talking to children I tend to get down to their level and talk to them at a relatively slow speed, this way they are more likely to understand me more than if I was walking round above them talking as though I would talk to adults. Non-verbal communication: Facial and hand gestures, again this needs to be tailored to the situation or topic. In the example above, a smile and perhaps a hand on their shoulder is sufficient to the situation. Whereby frowning and waving arms as if annoyed would be detrimental to the feelings of the child. Eye contact is an important factor as this engages the audience, keeping them focused on what you are discussing. By making eye contact you are directing your conversation at that specific person, demonstrating that you are devoting your time and are not able to be distracted as if you would by looking around. Body language plays an important part, for example folded arms can indicate you are being defensive or not open to suggestions, whereas slouching, hands on hips, rolling of eyes and huffing can seem rude and disrespectful. 4†¦ Be able to overcome barriers to communication. Identifying communication needs: use of personal histories; involvement of the individual; involvement of family, friends and carers Barriers to communication: environmental eg: seating, lighting, external noise, situation of the setting; emotional issues eg: shyness, low self-esteem; social; psychological eg: mental ill health, results of abuse, neglect; sensory, hearing and sight impairment; speech and language barriers following strokes; cerebral palsy; cultural eg: related to gender, inappropriate use of gestures; English as an additional language. Promotion of communication: use of preferred language including British Sign Language; use of human aids, interpreters, translators; use of technological aids, hearing aids, induction loops, Braille software; cultural awareness; active listening skills; the need to give individuals time to respond; speech and language therapy Language proficiency affects every aspect of a person’s life. Lack of fluency in English has a major impact on people’s ability to get information. A social hierarchy exists in most cultures, which can create issues in workplace communications. For instance, men from some cultural backgrounds may not adapt easily to working equally with women. Understanding the relationship between the sexes and the roles assigned in various cultures will give you an insight into how customers from particular cultural groups might respond in an Australian environment. Differences in non-verbal behavior Cultural differences in non-verbal behaviors are a common source of misunderstandings and conflict in the workplace. For instance, many westerners like to make eye contact, interpreting it as an indication of interest and honesty. They also show friendliness through relaxed body language. If these behaviors do not happen, it can be interpreted as shiftiness, coldness and disinterest. However, in some cultures, averted eyes and non-demonstrable behavior are. a sign of courtesy and respect. Being aware of these Nuances will help you to reduce negative impressions in inter-cultural communications among co-workers and customers. Personal space People from different cultural backgrounds may have different ‘comfort zones’ — some Like more distance between themselves and others, some like to be closer. Responses to authority Attitudes to authority vary markedly between cultures and exert a distinct effect on workplace behaviors. Religion In many cultures, religion dominates life in a way that for strongly secular workplaces may be difficult to understand. These differences need to be respected and the needs associated with religious commitments understood and sensitively negotiated within the workplace. Clear communication on both sides about these issues is to be encouraged. Personal appearance Grooming, dietary and eating habits and dress varies in different cultures. Some people within their community may choose to wear their national dress or religious garments. Keep in mind that attitudes and communicative behaviors are not neutral but strongly conditioned by cultural values. As a simple example, if you say to a customer, ‘Please sign here’, you expect them to know that you want them to pick up the pen and sign exactly where you have indicated. But, if you think about it, you are assuming that the person: _ can hear you _ speaks the English language _ knows how to use a pen _ knows where they need to sign _ knew what a signature was _ understands what they are signing for _ If the person didn’t hear you, didn’t speak English, did not have a signature, didn’t know how to use the pen, did not understand where they needed to sign, or did not know what they were signing for the communication will not be successful. 1. Explain how people from different backgrounds may use and/ or interpret communication methods in different ways Language proficiency affects every aspect of a person’s life. Lack of fluency in English has a major impact on people’s ability to get information. Therefore communication skills training is a critical career development to help the children/ young people understand. Roles and status A social hierarchy exists in most cultures, which can create issues in workplace communications. For instance, men from some cultural backgrounds may not adapt easily to working equally with women. Understanding the relationship between the sexes and the roles assigned in various cultures will give you an insight into how customers from particular cultural groups might respond in an Australian environment. Differences in non-verbal behavior Cultural differences in non-verbal behaviors are a common source of misunderstandings and conflict in the workplace. For instance, many westerners like to make eye contact, interpreting it as an indication of interest and honesty. They also show friendliness through relaxed body language. If these behaviors do not happen, it can be interpreted as shiftiness, coldness and disinterest. However, in some cultures, averted eyes and non-demonstrable behavior are a sign of courtesy and respect. Being aware of these Nuances will help you to reduce negative impressions in inter-cultural communications among co-workers and customers. Personal space People from different cultural backgrounds may have different ‘comfort zones’ — some Like more distance between themselves and others, some like to be closer. Responses to authority Attitudes to authority vary markedly between cultures and exert a distinct effect on workplace behaviors.Religion in many cultures, religion dominates life in a way that for strongly secular workplaces may be difficult to understand. These differences need to be respected and the needs associated with religious commitments understood and sensitively negotiated within the workplace. Clear communication on both sides about these issues is to be encouraged. Personal appearance Grooming, dietary and eating habits and dress varies in different cultures. Some people within the Australian community may choose to wear their national dress or religious garments. Keep in mind that attitudes and communicative behaviors are not neutral but strongly conditioned by cultural values. As a simple example, if you say to a customer, ‘Please sign here’, you expect them to know that you want them to pick up the pen and sign exactly where you have indicated. But, if you think about it, you are assuming that the person: can hear you, speaks the English language, knows how to use a pen, knows where they need to sign, knew what a signature was, understands what they are signing for If the person didn’t hear you, didn’t speak English, did not have a signature, didn’t know how to use the pen, did not understand where they needed to sign, or did not know what they were signing for the communication will not be successful. Use of Simple Language: Use of simple and clear words should be emphasized. Use of ambiguous words and jargons should be avoided. Reduction and elimination of noise levels: Noise is the main communication barrier which must be overcome on priority basis. It is essential to identify the source of noise and then eliminate that source. Active Listening: Listen attentively and carefully. There is a difference between â€Å"listening† and â€Å"hearing†. Active listening means hearing with proper understanding of the message that is heard. By asking questions the speaker can ensure whether his/her message is understood or not by the receiver in the same terms as intended by the speaker. Emotional State: During communication one should make effective use of body language. He/she should not show their emotions while communication as the receiver might misinterpret the message being delivered. For example, if the conveyer of the message is in a bad mood then the receiver might think that the information being delivered is not good.   Simple Organizational Structure: The organizational structure should not be complex. The number of hierarchical levels should be optimum. There should be a ideal span of control within the organization. Simpler the organizational structure, more effective will be the communication. ï‚ · Avoid Information Overload: The managers should know how to prioritize their work. They should not overload themselves with the work. They should spend quality time with their subordinates and should listen to their problems and feedbacks actively. A solution to the barriers is emotional intelligence which can be mastered and lead to better relationships. Emotional intelligence is the ability to understand others and work with them. There are five characteristics of emotional intelligence. Being self-aware is the most important. It is the ability to distance oneself from their emotions so that they can look at the emotion without becoming overwhelmed or reacting to it too quickly. This piece of intelligence would help a person who is struggling with stereotyping. If the person knows that every time they see and African American person they become nervous because they believe they are all aggressive, they can take a step back and look at where that emotion came from. Once they have identified the source, they may be able to isolate the emotion and try to move past is by realizing that it is an irrational fear. There is an equal chance that a Caucasian or African American person is aggressive. The second characteristic is the ability to manage emotions which means expressing them in a way that is appropriate for the setting). Once a person has become aware of the emotion, they can come up with a way to handle the emotion. The person who gets nervous around African Americans may be able to look at where they are. If they are at a dinner party at a friend’s house and the African American friend of the friend shows up, there is a good chance they are not agg ressive. The person who is nervous may be able to walk away for a minute to collect themselves and then act as they should through a dinner party. In a setting where a young looking mother is out with her parents, the person might take the time to ask how old she was and what her situation was. The person may find that the young mother is responsible and owned up to her mistakes or that the mother is older than they thought and did not make a mistake. The third characteristic is the ability to motivate oneself which is setting a goal and reaching it. For the person who is nervous around African Americans, the goal may be to sit at the table and hold normal conversation with the dinner guests. They would then have to try to reach that goal by managing their emotions and following through with the dinner. For a person who looks down on teen mothers, the goal may be to accept all mothers as if they are the socially accepted age for parenting unless there is a clear reason why this mother is inad equate. The might reach that goal by always asking questions when they feel that a mother is inadequate because they are young. The fourth intelligence is recognizing emotions in others, which is called empathy. The best way to do this is to listen to what people are really saying and trying to understand it by observing their body language along with their actual language. In genders this can be difficult. Men tend to want to solve a problem where women want a sounding board, someone who understands them. If they can listen to each other and try to understand what the other wants and how they are feeling, the relationship will go better. For men, they often do not try to understand why a woman is upset when her friend says she should lose a pants size. He does not put himself in her shoes and does not easily relate to the problem. Instead, he might try to solve the problem by complimenting her or getting her a gym membership. This is not effective communication. The woman was not looking for a way to lose a pant size, but rather a person that would understand why she was the size she was and how bad it feels to be told she is too big. Body language plays a part in improving a person’s emotional intelligence. A person who is first starting out with improving their emotional intelligence, they may come across difficulties in the first four characteristics because what they are saying does not match up to their body language. A person might ask the teen mother her age, but still have a posture that shows they do not approve of this mother having a child. A person who fears African Americans may be able to sit through a dinner and talk nice, but might look as though they are ready to run out of the room if a butter knife is picked up the wrong way. The fifth characteristic is the ability to handle relationships. The person needs to recognize their own needs as well as the needs of the other person. They need to find a balance where both sets of needs, is met as fully as possible. If the person is always bending to meet all the needs of another person and neglecting their own needs, they are not going to be satisfied with the relationship for long. On the other hand, if the person ignores the other person’s needs and only fulfills their own needs, the other person is not going to be satisfied for long. With an understanding of how barriers, culture, gender, and emotional intelligence effect communication, a person is more able to communicate effectively and have fulfilling relationships. If these things are ignored, communication breaks down and a person can become isolated. 4†¦. Be able to apply principles and practices relating to confidentiality.

To What Extent Does Discrimination In The Workplace...

To what extent does discrimination in the workplace negatively impact the growth of the nation? Introduction: Over the course of the century, racial and gender discrimination has improved greatly, however to this day, genders and races are treated differently. One big issue that has been protested and fought against, is the wage gap between genders. The wage gap has been an issue for a while and is due to the discrimination between the two genders and perforation of one over another. Another common pay difference is between different races. It has been said that Whites and Asians receive a higher pay grade than Hispanics, or African Americans. Racism and Sexism play a huge role in the wage gap. One gender, and different races can be†¦show more content†¦Also in this study, it showed that over 63% of men see the discrimination and inequalities in the workplace. About a quarter of women (27%) say their gender has made it harder for them to succeed in life, but only 7% of men agree (Patten 2016.) A 2013 Pew Research Center survey found that 18% of women say they have fa ced gender discrimination at work, and over 12% who say they have earned less than a man doing the same job because of their gender. According to Carnevale and Smith, women with graduate degrees earn the same amount as men with bachelor degrees. A man with a high school diploma nearly makes the same amount as a woman with a bachelor s degree. This gives men an unfair advantage and makes women work much harder to earn the same salary that men do. The average woman worker who is not college educated, loses more than $530,000 over the course of her lifetime because of the gender wage gap, and the average college-educated woman loses even more—nearly $800,000 (IWPR 2016). Another reason why the wage gap exists is because men are prefered for some jobs over women, and the jobs that are typically dominated by women, pay less than the jobs dominated by men. According to the Institute for Women s Policy Research, it will take 44 years till women receive the same salary as men. And, a s the level of pay goes down, the wage gap increases between men and women. AccordingShow MoreRelatedGood and Bad Discrimination1173 Words   |  5 PagesRunning Head: Good And Bad Discrimination Good And Bad Discrimination Theresa Branch Robert Morris University Professor Anderson Argument Research When the word discrimination is brought up there is an automatic negative response, due to the fact that most have this idea that there is only bad discrimination. This comes from people using stereotypes and being prejudice which creates detrimental situations. However, when a person discriminates it does not mean they are trying to beRead MoreEssay on Impact of Stigma of HIV-AIDS in the South African Workplace1497 Words   |  6 PagesHIV/AIDS in the South African workplace.† This falls under a discipline of business management in the financial management degree I am currently doing and one of the key areas of focus within business management is workplace challenges. I believe that HIV/AIDS stigmas are challenges regularly faced in the South African work environment. The purpose of this research review is to gain insight and deeper understanding of what workplace stigma towards HIV/AIDS is in the workplace from a South African companyRead MoreEssay about Sex Discrimination 1597 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Discrimination involves action toward individuals on the basis of their group membership; Baron and Byrne (1994) defined discrimination as prejudice in action. Discrimination can take a very overt form (e.g., refusal to hire women into certain jobs), but in many instances, gender discrimination involves the degree to which the workplace is open to versus resistant to the participation of women. Although many discussions of gender discrimination have focused on the ways managers andRead MoreHuman Resource Management: Importance of Eeoc Essay example1131 Words   |  5 Pagesinvestigating any allegations within a charge and make a finding. If discrimination has indeed occurred, the committee will work at settling the charge, but if nothing is found then the EEOC has the authority to file a lawsuit to protect the rights of individuals and the interest of the public (U.S.EEOC, 2012). The idea behind the EEOC is to bring an end to discrimination but also know that it’s not at al l possible, just to an extent. It is the EEOC’s job to protect those covered by the law of discriminatoryRead MoreEffects Of Gender Diversity Management On Perceptions Of Organizational Attractiveness1761 Words   |  8 PagesWilson, D. C. (2008). What are the odds? How demographic similarity affects the prevalence of perceived employment discrimination. Journal Of Applied Psychology, 93(2), 235-249. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.93.2.235 What are the odds? How demographic similarity affects the prevalence of perceived employment discrimination In this article the authors express the conditions of perceived workplace discrimination and its effects on businesses. When a person perceives workplace discrimination, it can be very costlyRead MoreThe Discrimination Of White Supremacist Groups1420 Words   |  6 Pagesof white supremacist groups. In order to settle our collective conscious, we put aside the disturbing fact that racism is alive. It hides everywhere in the media, the workplace, and it heavily impacts the education of minority students nationwide. I believe that there is some racial discrimination that still exists in the workplace today and in the hiring process. I think on some level they are improving because they are starting to be more diversity on TV and radio, but then again, there are stillRead MoreCan You Think Of A Time When Someone Presumed That You1133 Words   |  5 Pagescharacteristic, either positive or negative, based on a group to which you belong without knowing you as an individual? Are you aware of ever having judged someone inaccurately? Unconscious biases are a fact of life. We all harbor them—and take them into the workplace. Unconscious Bias (also known as hidden bias or implicit bias) refers to bias that we are unaware of, and which happens outside of our control. It is a bias that happens automatically and is triggered by our brain making quick judgments and assessmentsRead MoreWhat Does The Black Guy Do?1624 Words   |  7 PagesI do not think there is a single time in our day in age where I flip on the television to the news and what do I see? Of course, racism. Through excessive force or â€Å"necessary force† which usually happens between the minority and white. Through religion and constant murder, today’s day in age is truly disgusting. Racial segregation is becoming increasingly more prevalent in today’s society, it’s the hot topic on all mainstream news channels and other media outlets. Media portrays the stories in anRead MoreInvasion Of Privacy And Discrimination Essay1452 Words   |  6 PagesInvasion of Privacy and Discrimination in a Workplace with the use of Technology, Ethical or Unethical? Technology has enhanced and improved every aspect of our lives and our businesses are no different. Even though we have made huge progress in terms of technology and what not, yet one can always use these technologies in a way that can negatively impact our lives. It all comes down to morality and ethics. In this essay I will be discussing the Ethical issues within Human Resource Management inRead MoreSocial Determinants Of Cardiovascular Diseases1618 Words   |  7 Pagesimportant social determinant of health is income. Level of income shapes overall living conditions, affects psychological functioning, and influences health-related behaviours like CVD such as quality of diet, extent of physical activity, tobacco use, and excessive alcohol use. Negatively affected psychological functioning can lead to the desire to cope using costly and body-harming drugs, which in the end can mean more health issues later on, for example: â€Å"Legislation as it affects individuals can

Leadership Is Needed For Fix This Fracture Immigration System

Leadership is needed to fix this fracture Immigration System Immigration reform is a daily topic address in the American media, this issue is heavily debated. The 2016 Presidential candidates most address this issue and offer solid support of the Dream Act or clearly written counter plan to solve this issue. These candidates can not me passive they most take a stand somewhere. This is complex issue at effects everyone in America in many different ways. These candidates most address what to do with 11million illegal immigrates that are currently living in the U.S, how to continue to improve the borders, how to streamline the visa and green card process, how to incorporate more immigrates into U.S to solve the future labor demands to†¦show more content†¦To shortly overview DHS mission statement the vision of homeland security is to ensure a homeland that is safe, secure, and resilient against terrorism and other hazards. Three key concepts form the foundation of our national homeland security strategy designed to achieve this vision: Security, Resilience, and Customs and Exchange (Department of Homeland security).The Department of State mission is: The U.S. Department of State is the lead institution for the conduct of American diplomacy and the Secretary of State is the President’s principal foreign policy advisor (State Department). Neither of this agency primary focus is on immigration. Back in 1990, U.S Commission on immigration reform issued an executive summary in 1994 pointing mayor flaws in current policy and need for change. One key point is there is a lack clear information and leadership (U.S Commission on Immigration Reform). Immigration policy center pointed one similar issues in their report (Immigration Policy Center). Moving forward I proposed a new alignment of these government agency that is enterprising and address all of the immigration cycle and lifestyle. That report to the president as a cabinet member this proposed cabine t member encompass all the existing federal agency that pertain to immigration plus a spokesperson that is from the department of Education, Labor, Homeland(only terrorism updates), Treasury,

The Stages Of Maturing And Adulthood - 988 Words

As a person lives life, they grow. In this particular development, they start to understand and see the world in a different way. These stages of maturing in life can be simply broken up into two groups; adulthood and childhood. Children tend to worry mostly about themselves, but they, in time, learn how to consider others feelings and views when performing an action. Typically, adults are almost completely controlled by thoughts and feelings of the world around them. The stages a person goes through during this growing up time are necessary for a person to mature correctly. As Sally states, a child is an apprentice to freedom, that is, the child is guided through the development of his or her freedom until he or she is ready to assume it in adolescence and adulthood (Scholz 395) Most children think it would be better to skip childhood and go straight to adulthood, but what they don t know is, that it s important for them to be a child before they become an adult. It s funny because the way a person lives in these changes of life are completely different, but can strangely be very similar. These differences and similarities can be seen in an individual s innocence, their experience, and their imagination. Most people love children because they posses something most adults have lost, the quality of innocence. If a child s innocence gets taken away from them at a young age, they re forced to become an adult when they just aren t ready. Because they aren t ableShow MoreRelatedLewis Carroll s Wonderland : A Magical Underworld Named Wonderland871 Words   |  4 Pagesyoung girl named Alice who adventures through a magical underworld named Wonderland. This young girl s adventures in Wonderland can be seen as a metaphor for the experience of growing up, both in terms of physically growing up and physiologically maturing as she gets to understand the adult world through her autonomy and experiences. She physically grows and shrinks again and again in the story up to a total of 12 times. Her constant physical change as she attempts to find the ideal size, evokes howRead More The Developing Adolescent Essay1402 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopmental stages that apply from infancy to retirement. E rikson spent a great deal of time on the fifth stage of adolescence because this is the time when the individual develops an identity and it is a time when the individual faces difficult identity crises. Erikson explained each stage in life is both psycho and social. The psycho part has to do with this stages foundation previous stages and the fact that it is both a self-conscious phase and an unconscious phase. This stage of developmentRead MoreHow Alcohol Plays A Role Essay1603 Words   |  7 PagesHow Alcohol Plays a Role in Maturing In the United States, before you can legally drink alcohol, you must be 21. 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Nonetheless, Feldman (2014) points out the fact that physical changes begin earlier fo r girls typically at the age of 10, with sexual organ developmentRead MoreCatcher in the Rye Holdens Faliure in the Journey of Life1597 Words   |  7 Pageshardships that teenagers endure as they mature and enter adulthood. In this novel, Holden Caulfield, a sixteen-year -old who has been kicked out of several schools, undergoes a gamut of problems. First, at the beginning of the novel, it is clear that Holden has a difficulty accepting himself and others; he constantly defines people as phony. Secondly, as the novel progresses it becomes evident that Holden does not want to enter adulthood. Both problems lead to Holdens failure in his journey ofRead MoreThe Transitions Of Childhood And Becoming An Adult1637 Words   |  7 Pagestransitions in more detail and will explain why having good knowledge and understanding of these transitions that young people go through, is important to youth workers. Some of the things young people face can be very challenging for them during this stage of development. There are several things which can influence the young person’s experience of adolescence developments, such as puberty, society, economic background and unemployment. Many young people will get through the adolescence period withoutRead MoreAdolescence : Everything Changes? Essay1199 Words   |  5 PagesAdolescence: Everything Changes Adolescence is a transitional stage of development that has been defined as starting with puberty and lasting the years a person is roughly aged ten to twenty. Dramatic changes take place during adolescence; no other time period of a person’s life except infancy contains so much development into such a short time span. Puberty has historically been viewed as the starting point of adolescence and several factors play a role in determining the timing of puberty suchRead MoreErik Erikson963 Words   |  4 PagesErikson’s Stages of Personal and Social Development. As people grow, they face a string of psychosocial crises that shape personality, according to Erik Erikson. Each crisis focuses on a particular aspect of personality and involves the person’s relationship with other people. STAGE I: TRUST VERSUS MISTRUST ( BIRTH TO 18 MONTHS) The goal of in-fancy is to develop a basic trust in the world. Erikson ( 1968, p. 96) defined basic trust as â€Å" an essential trustfulness of others as well as a fundamentalRead MoreHow Salinger’s Holden Caulfield Relates to Teenagers Throughout Time1412 Words   |  6 PagesHolden’s teenage experience in many different nations and cultures. As J.D. Salinger takes the reader through Holden’s journey, it becomes obvious that Holden is struggling to deal with the death of his brother, Allie, and the process of maturing into adulthood. Holden experiences many common teenage feelings. Throughout the novel, three strong themes are reinforced throughout the main character’s story. Holden Caulfield represents alienation, the pain of growing up, and rebellion against societyRead MoreHas Anyone Put Any Psychological Thought Into How They1483 Words   |  6 Pagesabout identity development because he exp lains his theory with more stages than Piaget, appropriate age periods, and focuses on the social environment rather than cognition. Erik Erikson is the more prominent psychologist in terms of identity development because of his social cultural perspective. Erikson’s psychosocial theory has eight stages; each consists of an individual confronting a crisis that needs to be resolved. The first stage is trust vs. mistrust; it occurs in the first year of the baby’s

Health and Diet in Society for Food Literacy - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theHealth and Diet in Society for Food Literacy. Answer: Discourses and implications surrounding the declining food literacy One of the most important determinants of good health in the modern society both nationally and internationally is food literacy. Food literacy represents an individual's attitude, knowledge, and food skills associated with nutrition. This is because all these do impact greatly on the foods that they choose to eat. Health outcomes can be impacted in many ways by the different levels of food literacy. Food literacy is defined as an establishment of attributes and skills that assist individuals to maintain to withstand their daily preparation of healthy, delicious and reasonably priced meals for themselves and their families as well (Benn, 2014). Besides the industry and the government, households also have a major role to play in guaranteeing that they consume a safe, healthy and nutritious food. Having property food-related knowledge by the households will also influence the industry and the government ability to make decisions on the production of food, its consumption and how it ca n be regulated. Better food knowledge and how the knowledge is put into practice will influence how key food strategy objectives will be achieved. There has always been a strong correlation between the healthy eating and dietary quality and the knowledge on nutrition. Several studies that have been carried out by different groups have always proven the same. Several efforts by industries, public awareness and educational campaigns aimed at improving food healthiness and nutrition have been the main components of previous initiatives of public health (Brooks Begley, 2014). Some of these initiatives have proved to be successful though there still is a long way to go in ensuring that all individuals are made aware of the importance of food literacy. Food consumption habits of most adolescents and children have never been pleasing at all. Majority lack the nutritional knowledge that may make them pick on healthier foods. Children and even adolescents decide on what food to consume in accordance to which one tastes sweeter. Because of this, they end up consuming unbalanced diet meals over and over. Daily consumption of unbalanced m eals may result to unhealthy lifestyles leading lifestyle diseases such as obesity, cancer, diabetes, heart disease, stroke etc. most parents have also played a major role for the declining food literacy. Parents should be the role models to their children and give directions on what they should do in order to achieve healthy living. The parents never consider involving the family in food preparation, therefore, reduces the food preparation skills and knowledge among the younger household members (Pendergast Dewhurst, 2012). Health outcomes have always been a subset of health literacy and thus food literacy influences these outcomes in many ways. Whenever better knowledge and behaviours towards storage of food and handling are well observed, then food literacy will greatly impact on the safety of food consumed by us. Many households do not employ food labelling information and knowledge which should help improve their diets (Cullen et al, 2015). Due to this, many individuals from several households are victims of poor diets and therefore increased risks to their health. Poor cooking skills by many households have also contributed to poor diets and poor health outcomes, therefore a lot of effort should be put on improving the cooking skills in order to ensure that a healthier diet is achieved for all households. Food illiteracy can result in little dietary knowledge which is a big determinant of food and meal choices. The little dietary knowledge has always resulted in poor decision making on the type of foods to consume resulting in poor health. Improving food literacy will, therefore, help reduce these challenges to diet and proper health. Many Australian citizens seem to have a perfect general understanding of food, nutrition and health yet they lack a proper understanding of the facts and details of how they are related. Several surveys have shown that household knowledge on nutrition specifically is weak in many areas. Several publications which aim at assisting these households to achieve better eating habits have since been published. Most of these publications aim at recommending improved vegetable and fruit consumption and how they can be strictly adhered to (Vaitkeviciute et al, 2015). Despite environmental effects not being a top priority for households in relation to food issues, the decisions by households are driving forward the agendas of the authentic, local and organic movements of food and also sustainability efforts of the environment, which may include declines in the packaging of food and use of chemicals in farming practices. The little information available on labels of food products, most specifically on environmental and health factors such as antibiotics, pesticides, and growth hormones, does not promote food literacy and environmental outcomes. More of this information should be readily available and precise on the product labels. Availing such information to households and also informing them of the importance will lead to maintenance of a better environmental that favours good health for all (Pendergast et al, 2011). Reduced food literacy has in most cases led to increased expenditures in many households. Many households lack the skills in managing food wastage. In addition to that, a relatively low number of individuals have and adhere to a household budget which ought to support in improving their planning and purchasing practices. Improved food literacy will, therefore, focus on enabling better budgeting ideas and planning which will thus reduce the chances of wastages and increased expenditures. Proper food management yields improved health to all individuals. With better budgeting, households are also able to put into considerations the best diets to feed on each and every day (Thomas et al, 2011). Making decisions and prioritizing on food-related issues greatly relies on food literacy. Besides that, it also relies on the quality of food, nutritional value, safety, claims, price and source. From a recent survey within the country, it was realized that majority of the households consider quality as the top priority when making a decision on what food to purchase. Food safety, nutritional value and price followed in order of importance (Velardo, 2015). Preparation of food in most countries tends to be reliant on gender with women being the main cooks in most of the households. This, with no doubt, makes women have the most of the self confidence when it comes to cooking as well as food preparation skills than the men. As a result of this, mothers are therefore the most important educators of cooking and food preparation skills. They should play this role dutifully to ensure that the good food they are known to be good at preparing helps their household members in achieving good health. This should be done regardless of the socio-economic status (Vidgen Gallegos, 2011). Conclusion Increasing food literacy in the country will support better selections in nutrition and diet, attitudes and food skills. This will result in improved health, safety and nutritional outcomes. Education and information are vital and must be accessed using strategies that encourage lasting changes in behaviour. Education based on nutrition, especially for children is important since it will positively influence their knowledge and skills on food-related issues, health status, eating and physical activity behaviours. Besides better nutrition and diet, food literacy will also impact positively on the environmental sustainability. A lot of effort should be applied at the territorial, federal and community levels in order to improve more healthy and eating patterns. All individuals have a bigger role to play to ensure that increased food literacy is achieved (Vidgen Gallegos, 2014). References Benn, J. (2014). Food, nutrition or cooking literacy-a review of concepts and competencies regarding food education. International Journal of Home Economics, 7(1), 13. Brooks, N., Begley, A. (2014). Adolescent food literacy programmes: A review of the literature. Nutrition Dietetics, 71(3), 158-171. Cullen, T., Hatch, J., Martin, W., Higgins, J. W., Sheppard, R. (2015). Food literacy: definition and framework for action. Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research, 76(3), 140-145. Pendergast, D., Dewhurst, Y. (2012). Home economics and food literacy: An international investigation. International Journal of Home Economics, 5(2), 245. Pendergast, D., Garvis, S., Kanasa, H. (2011). Insight from the public on home economics and formal food literacy. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 39(4), 415-430. Thomas, H. M., Irwin, J. D. (2011). Cook It Up! A community-based cooking program for at-risk youth: overview of a food literacy intervention. BMC research notes, 4(1), 495. Vaitkeviciute, R., Ball, L. E., Harris, N. (2015). The relationship between food literacy and dietary intake in adolescents: a systematic review. Public health nutrition, 18(4), 649-658. Velardo, S. (2015). The nuances of health literacy, nutrition literacy, and food literacy. Journal of nutrition education and behavior, 47(4), 385-389. Vidgen, H. A., Gallegos, D. (2011). What is food literacy and does it influence what we eat: a study of Australian food experts. Vidgen, H. A., Gallegos, D. (2014). Defining food literacy and its components. Appetite, 76, 50-59.

European Court of Justice

Question: Describe about a Report on European Court of Justice ? Answer: 1. The names of the judges were Thorpe, Mance LJJ and Neuberger J. 2. The claimant in this case was ... Medivance Instruments Ltd. On the other hand, the names of the respondents in this case were Gaslane Pipework Services Ltd and Vulcana Gas Appliances Ltd. 3. According to section 14, terms can be implied in the contract related with quality and title and it needs to be noted that these terms are relevant only when the seller is acting in the course of business. At the same time, this section does not prescribe any requirements related with the status of the buyer. There is a difference present between the test of merchantable quality as prescribed by section 14(2) and the test of fitness that has been prescribed by section 14(3). Therefore, section 14(2) requires that the goods sold by the seller should be of merchantable quality which means that the goods should be satisfactory. In this regard, the Sale of Goods Act has provided an objective test under section 14(2) for the purpose of deciding satisfactory quality. In this case the standard of a reasonable person has to be used regarding the goods being satisfactory, keeping in mind the price, description and any other fact that may be relevant for this purpose. There are certain fact ors that have been identified by the courts that can increase or decrease the expectation of satisfaction. For example, in Bernstein v. Pamson Motors Ltd, the court stated that in case of secondhand goods, the expectation regarding satisfaction can be lower. However when it comes to the goods of a very well-known brand, the expectation regarding satisfaction can be quite higher. Some of the other factors that are being considered as being relevant for the purpose of this test may include advertising. On the other hand, in case of section 14(3) the test of witness for purpose has been used. In this case, if the buyer has informed the seller regarding the purpose behind the purchase of the goods expressly or impliedly, an obligation is imposed on the seller to ensure that the goods that are being sold to the buyer are fit for the purpose disclosed by the buyer. In this case, it needs to be seen if under the circumstances, it will be reasonable for the buyer to rely on the expertise of the seller in this regard. This issue has been discussed in detail by the court in Godley v Perry which provides an example of the application of this test. In this way, there is a significant difference present between the test of merchantable quality as prescribed by section 14(2) and the test related with fitness for purpose that has to be used in case of section 14(3). In this way, the tests related with merchantable quality is comparatively general because in this case, merchantability needs to be evaluated, keeping into the type of the goods and also the likely use of the goods. On the other hand, the test related with fitness for purpose deals with the specific purpose for which the goods have been acquired by the purchaser. 4. It was alleged by the claimant that Valcuna was required to supply a device that should be of merchantable quality and at the same time it should also be fit for purpose as prescribed by s14, Sale of Goods Act. However the court of appeal did not consider that the provisions of section 14 were applicable to Vulcana. The reasons that were given by the court in this regard included the warning mentioned on the heater due to which the installers of the heater can be reasonably expected to take reasonable precautions against such known risk. As a result, the court concluded that the respondent had properly warned against the risk and it was also well known to the appellant. Although, it was acknowledged by the court that it depends on the circumstances of each case if such bonding can be considered as being sufficient for discharging the duty that has been prescribed for the seller but in the present case, it was stated that under the circumstances, it can be said that the duties prescribed by section 14 have been discharged by the respondents than they gave the warning. In the same way, regarding the applicability of the provisions of section 14(3), the court stated that in any case the heater can be considered as being fit for purpose for which it has been supplied. In this regard, the court also consider the fact that the buyer had specifically asked the seller to purchase that particular heater and it also noted the fact that the buyer had been using the heaters of the same type for nearly 8 years in their factory. As a result, it can be said that accident was also aware of the risk. Another reason given by the court in favor of its conclusion that section 14 was not applicable to Vulcana was that the trial Judge also used expert evidence who stated that the heater supplied to the appellant was not only of merchantable quality but it was also fit for the purpose. In this regard, the court also consider the fact that heater complied with the British standards. 5. Neuberger J stated in this regard that the provisions prescribed by s14, Sale of Goods Act can be considered as being applicable between the appellant and Gaslane due to the reason that the contract was present between them and according to this contract, "the buyer" was the appellant and the seller was Gaslane and the heater had been supplied by the seller to the buyer under this contract. But it needs to be included in this regard that no contract is present between appellant and Vulcana and as a result, there is no relationship of buyer and seller. Under these circumstances, any liability that Vulcana may have towards the appellant will be present under tort and not under the law of contract. As a result, the basis for the claim of the appellant against Vulcana is very different juridically as compared to the claim of the appellant against Gaslane. But on the basis of the facts of this case, it has been contended by appellant that Vulcana had obligations towards the appellant u nder tort which included the duties that were same as the contractual duties of Gaslane as prescribed by the provisions of s14, Sale of Goods Act. In this regard, it has been claimed by the appellant that in case the heater can be considered as not being fit for the purpose it was supplied or if it can be considered as being not of merchantable quality, as the manufacturer and supplier of the heater, Vulcana can be considered as being negligent. However the appellant had presented its case against the respondents in several other ways, apart from those prescribed by section 14(2) and 14(3). But at the same time, the court also acknowledged that if the claims made by the appellant on the ground that the heater supplied with was not of merchantable quality audit was not fit for purpose fail, the other claims made by the appellant against the respondents cannot succeed. As a result, the Court decided to limit the consideration of the appeal only to the claims under section 14 that have been made by the appellant against Gaslene and in case of Vulcana, the court decided to limit its consideration to their equivalent under tort. 6. The appellant stated that the heater was not of merchantable quality or fit for purpose as it would have been safer if the heater would have been provided with a guard or a thermostat. However, this contention of the appellant was rejected by the court that only on this ground it cannot be said that the heater was not fit for purpose or it was not of merchantable quality. In this regard, the court stated that the requirements prescribed by s14, Sale of Goods Act do not require that such a high standard should be imposed. At the same time, doing so will result in the imposition of a very high burden on the suppliers and as a result, it may also cause interference in the normal trade and commerce. The court further stated that the claim of the appellant regarding the heater not being fit for purpose of merchantable quality needs to be rejected on the grounds that the tests related with fitness for purpose or merchantable quality is not satisfied in all cases by referring to the test of reasonablene necessity. In this regard, the court also referred to the judgment given in Rogers v Parish by Mustill LJ 7. The court stated that if a claim that has been initiated in the s14, Sale of Goods Act is successful each time when the claimant is successful in establishing that the good supplied by the seller would have been safer, more fit for the purpose or more merchantable, there will be an intolerable burden placed on the supply of goods and in this way, it will also result in a very serious interference by the courts with normal trade and commerce. 8. The court did not consider that any other heaters needed to be supplied to the appellant. The reason behind this belief of the court was that although some convection heaters were present in the market which had a device that had been described by the terms on which the appellant had relied upon, the court also noted that there were also available many other convection heaters in the market which did not have such a device as was the case with the heater supplied to the appellant. At the same time, the court also stated that there was no evidence presented to suggest that the heaters that included such a device were more reliable on effective in preventing accidents. 9. Neuberger J relied on this case because it was mentioned by Court of Appeal that indeed it is the duty of the manufacturer to terminate the supply of the product if the manufacturer comes to know that the product is unsafe. However, there can be certain circumstances where this duty of the manufacturer can be fulfilled by taking less drastic action. For example, this unity can also be fulfilled by giving proper warning regarding the relevant facts to the buyers of such a product that are known or suspected to result in a real or any potential risk. 10. Mr. Brown stated that it will be dangerous to allow the manufacturers or the sellers of the goods to avoid their liability if they gave a warning regarding the risk to the buyers because in such a case, the sellers will be defining the scope of their contractual duty regardless of the circumstances. 11. The facts of Holmes v Ashford was somewhat similar to this case. The court held that the manufacture of hair dye was not responsible because the client of a hairdresser had contracted dermatitis after being treated with that hair dye. The reason given by the court was that there was a clear warning given with the hair dye regarding the possibility of such a risk and also a recommendation that the effects of the dye should be tested first. This decision has been based on the judgment of the Court given in Hodge Sons -v- Anglo-American Oil Co. where it was stated that the required proportions can be fulfilled if the barge had been given to a competent person along with a reasonable warning regarding the dangerous character of the barge, if such danger is not obvious. Due to these reasons, Neuberger J refers to these two judgments. 12. The court stated that the fact that the heater complied with British Standard was a material fact. This fact was mainly relevant when it comes to the test of merchantable quality. Apart from it, the court also considered as a material fact that a warning was present in the instructions in which it has been clearly mentioned that the front part of the heater should not be obstructed as there was a risk of causing fire. On the other hand, the fact that the respondents had been told by the appellant that the heater is going to be used in baking area and also the fact that heaters were available in the market with thermostat devices were not considered as material facts while deciding the case. In the same way, it was not considered as material that it has been mentioned in the brochure of Vulcana that the heater has an overheat switch. 13. The ratio decidendi included the statement that the heater was of merchantable quality and was also fit for the purpose. This statement was made by the court in view of the four factors that have been identified by the trial court. On the other hand, the statement that it will be unsuitable for the court to enforce an obligation on the seller, through tort or by an implied term, that imposes a higher duty as compared to the duty that has been imposed on the parties by the terms of the contract or by statute is not the ratio decidendi of this case. In the same way, the statement that the commercial purchaser having earlier knowledge of buying same product and also being aware of the risks involved in using such a product, then it can be considered that the goods are fit for the purpose as provided by section 14, was also not the ratio decidendi of this case. In this way, the ratio decidendi of the court can be described as the warning given by the respondents which was considered by the court as an important factor that goes in the favor of respondents. It was noted by the court that while installing the heater, it can be reasonably expected that the ordinary precautions will be taken by the installers to protect against the risks that are known. At the same time, the court also found that the respondent has given a warning regarding the presence of such a risk and in any case, the appellant was well known to the presence of such a risk. 14. On the basis of the decision given by the court in Medivance Instruments Ltd v Gaslane Pipework Services Ltd, it can be said that in the present case, JTL had given sufficient warning regarding the presence of a risk of causing fire if anything is placed within a meter radius of the heater. While it is true that in this case, Mr. Matthews had no experience in purchasing the heaters and as a result, he had relied on the advice given by JTL but at the same time, it also needs to be noted that in this case, sufficient warning has been given by JTL that if anything is placed near the heater, there are chances that it may result in a fire. Moreover, Mr. Matthews and also signed a document in which it has been mentioned that he clearly understood the risk. Another very significant factor in this regard is that the heater conforms to the British Safety Standards. On the other hand, Mr. Matthew had claimed that the heater installed by JTL was not of merchantable quality because it did no t have a thermostat or a safety guard. Moreover, Mr. Matthew had shown the representatives of JTL that the heater is going to be installed in the stock room where hundreds of cardboard boxes were present. After visiting the stock room, the representatives recommended the standard heater for Mr. Matthews which did not have a thermostat or a safety guard. However only due to this fact, it cannot be said that it was not of merchantable quality, particularly in view of the fact that the heater fulfills the British safety standards. Similarly in view of the decision given in Medivance Instruments Ltd v Gaslane Pipework Services Ltd, it also needs to be noted that sufficient warning has been given by JTL to Mr. Matthews that a fire may be caused if anything is placed near the heater. In this way, JTL can successfully avoid the claim of Mr. Matthews regarding merchantable quality of the heater. 1. The short title of the statute is Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992 2. The long title of the Act is Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992 3. The Act came into force on 16 July, 1992. 4. The Act provides that that it can be presumed that the section 137(5) that a person has been refused employment if the person from whom such person seeks employment has refused to entertain or due process the inquiry or application or if makes that person to withdraw or not to follow his inquiry on application or if such person has deliberately omitted or refused to give employment of that description to such a person. In the same way, a similar presumption can also be made under section 137(5)(d) of the Act if the employer offers the employment to the applicant but on such terms that will not be offered by any reasonable employer who wants to appoint an employee for the post and which are not accepted. In the same way, a presumption can also be made if an offer has been made regarding such employment but later on the offer is withdrawn or if the applicant is made to refuse the offer. 5. The meaning of the advertisement will be decided by the court under section 137(3) of the Act by considering that the employment offered in the advertisement is available only to the persons who are the members of trade union or not the member of trade union or if the condition prescribed by subsection (1)(b) of s137 will be enforced regarding the employment that has been offered in the advertisement and the person who does not fulfills the condition or if such person is not willing to accept the requirement mentioned in the advertisement and has been refused employment, shall be determined by the court that such person has been refused employment on account of such reason. 6. In the present case, the provisions of Trade Union and Labor Relations Act, 1992 have been contravened because it has been clearly provided by this legislation that will be unlawful to refuse an applicant employment only due to the reason that such person is a member of one is not a member of a trade union. In the present case, Sophie had not been called for an interview as she has not joined Teach Excel Union. 7. Section 137(1)(b) clearly provides the kids will be unlawful if a person has been refused employment due to the reason that such person does not want to accept a requirement according to which a person has to take steps to become or cease to become a member of a trade union. It also applies to a requirement according to which a person has to remain a member of a trade union or is required not to become a member of the trade union. At the same time, clause 5 (d) of section 137 also provides that it will be considered that a person has been refused employment in case the person has been offered the employment on such terms that would not have been offered by any other reasonable employer who wants to fill the post. In this way, it is clear that in the present case Marlon had been refused employment in contravention of the provisions of Act and therefore, Marlon can make a complaint to the employment tribunal and seek compensation. 8. Section 188 of the Act provides for the duty of the employers to consult when the employer is suggesting dismissing 20 or more employees as redundant within 90 days or less. In this regard, the Act provides that the consultations should start within good time but it has been specifically provided that in case a proposal has been made by the employer to dismiss 100 or more employees of the organization, the conservation has to start at least 90 days before the notice of dismissal is going to expire. After the decision given by the European Court in Junk v Kehnel, it is now clear that the employers are required to complete the statutory process of consultation before any dismissal notice has been issued by them. At the same time, it is also the duty of IT World to consult with the appropriate representatives of the employees regarding the dismissals, who were going to be affected by the dismissals proposed by the employer. In this way, the duty to consult prescribed by section 188 for the employers has been breached by IT World in the present case. 9. It has been clearly mentioned the section 188(1) of this legislation that in case any employee is going to dismiss 20 or more employees as redundant, such an employer is required start consultations regarding these dismissals with all the persons who can be considered as the appropriate representatives of the affected employees. Therefore, according to the literal rule of statutory interpretation, a catering company is required to initiate the process of consultation as prescribed by section 188(1). 10. Section 170 of this legislation provides for the time of that can be taken by the employees for engaging in trade union activities. In this regard, section 170(1) provides that the employers are required to allow their employees who are the members of any trade union recognized by the employers to take time off during their working hours of the employee to take part in the activities of the union and also in any activities in which the employees are acting as the representatives of the Union. In this way, clear duty has been prescribed by section 170 for Marketing Solutions to allow time off to their employee Simon because he is the member of a trade union that is recognized by the company. In this way, Marketing Solutions has to allow time off the Simon during their working hours because he is going to represent his trade union at the conference of trade unions. In this regard, it has also been provided by 170(3) that the amount of time off that will be allowed to the employees and also the purpose for which such time off has been allowed needs to be reasonable. As in the present case, Simon has asked for a time off in order to represent his trade union at the conference of trade unions, it appears to be a reasonable cause therefore Marketing Solutions is required to allow time off to Simon so that he can represent his trade union at the conference. Bibliography Bernstein v. Pamson Motors Ltd [1987] 2 All ER 220 Godley v Perry [1960] 1 WLR 9 Hodge Sons -v- Anglo-American Oil Co. (1922) LC.L.Rep 183 Holmes -v- Ashford [1950] 2 All ER 76 Junk v Kuhnel, European Court of Justice January 2005 Medivance Instruments Ltd v Gaslane Pipework Services Ltd and another [2002] EWCA Civ 500 Rogers v Parish [1987] 1 QB 933 Sale of Goods Act, 1979 Trade Union and Labor Relations Act, 1992 Trade Union and Labor Relations Act, 1992 Wright v Dunlop (1973) 7 KIR 255 Medivance Instruments Ltd v Gaslane Pipework Services Ltd and another [2002] EWCA Civ 500 Section 14, Sale of Goods Act, 1979 Ibid 14(3) Sale of Goods Act, 1979 Bernstein v. Pamson Motors Ltd [1987] 2 All ER 220 Godley v Perry [1960] 1 WLR 9 Sale of Goods Act ibid Sale of Goods Act, 1979 Rogers -v- Parish [1987] 1 QB 933 Wright v Dunlop (1973) 7 KIR 255 Holmes -v- Ashford [1950] 2 All ER 76 Hodge Sons -v- Anglo-American Oil Co. (1922) LC.L.Rep 183 Medivance Instruments Ltd v Gaslane Pipework Services Ltd and another [2002] EWCA Civ 500 ibid Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992 ibid ibid Trade Union and Labor Relations Act, 1992 Junk v Kuhnel, European Court of Justice January 2005 Trade Union and Labor Relations Act, 1992